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---------------------1895 - Everything in the Universe is in motion.
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- The plasma gas halo that surrounds the Milky Way Galaxy is about twice the galaxy size and spinning in the same direction as the galaxy disk. This is a recent discovery that the gas halo is rotating at 400,000 miles per hour while the disk itself is rotating at 540,000 miles per hour.
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- This discovery was made using spectrometry to measure the wavelength spectral line of hot oxygen atoms. The speed of the gas moving toward us or away from us shifts the spectral lines from their inherent frequency. The amount of shift is used to calculate the speed. See footnote (1) to learn how this calculation is done.
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- Other paths of research have determined that 80% of the total mass in the Universe is Dark Matter. Dark Matter does interact with gravity but does not emit any electromagnetic spectrum. Even the 20% of Normal Matter that does emit a spectrum has not all been found in the visible light of the galaxies. This discover of a halo of hot gas may help account for some of the missing “ Normal Matter”.
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- Of course, spinning at a constant velocity is a natural state for everything in the Universe. Sitting here in Starbucks in California I am spinning East at 700 miles per hour. If we move to the equator our velocity would be spinning at 1,000 miles per hour. That is why our rockets are fired from Florida over the Atlantic giving them a 1,000 mile per hour boast to get into orbit.
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- At the equator on the Sun we would be spinning 4,350 miles per hour. But, the Sun is so big it takes 24.47 days to complete one revolution. At the poles, strangely enough, it takes longer, 26.24 days. That is because the Sun is a sphere of hot gas and different regions rotate at different rates. The rotation rate is slow enough that centripetal forces do not flatten out this almost perfect sphere.
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- This is not the case for the star Archenar in the Constellation Eridanus 139 lightyears away. It is spinning so fast the equator is flattened out 53% more than the polar circumference. Archenar is 7 times the mass of the Sun and 11.6 times the diameter of the Sun at the equator. While, only 7.6 times the diameter pole to pole. The rotation rate causing this elongations is 560,000 miles per hour at the surface.
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- There is a 25 Solar Mass star in the Large Magellanic Cloud Tarantula Nebula 160,000 lightyears away that is traveling 1,243,000 miles per hour at its surface. If it were spinning any faster its centripetal force would start tearing it apart into a flattened disk.
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- When a star goes supernova the gravity becomes so great at the core that the electrons collapse into the nucleus of the atoms. The electrons collapse in to the protons creating neutrons and a Neutron Star is formed that is only 12 miles in diameter. The conservation of rotational energy can spin up the Neutron Star to 700 rotations per second. The spin rate is able to be measured because radiation blasting out the poles sweeps around like a lighthouse beacon. These Neutron Stars are referred to as “ Pulsars”.
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- If the Neutron Star acquires even more mass and gravity its neutrons will collapse further into quarks and then into a Blackhole. A super massive Blackhole gobbling up stars can attain a spin rate that is 87% the speed of light. That spin velocity would be 583,500,000 miles pre hour.
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- (1) An example of how Redshift is used to calculate the receding velocity of a distant galaxy. Spectroscopy is used to detect the emission lines of the atomic hydrogen. Hydrogen has two spectrum lines in the visible region located at these wavelengths:
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------------------------------------ 656.3 nanometers
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----------------------------------- 486.1 nanometers.
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- These spectral lines are detected with a shift in frequency. Here are the measured wavelengths:
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------------------------------------- 662.9 nanometers
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------------------------------------- 491.0 nanometers.
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- The wavelengths have been stretched by the expanding space over the distance traveled. The galaxy appears to us as receding away as the space between us gets larger and larger. The resulting percentage shift in wavelength is referred to as the Redshift, (z).
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---------- Redshift = (wavelength observed - wavelength at rest) / wavelength at rest
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-------------------------- Redshift = 662.9 nm - 656.3 nm / 656.3 nm
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-------------------------- Redshift = 6.6 nm / 656.3 nm
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-------------------------- Redshift = 0.01 , or, 1%
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- The receding velocity of the distant galaxy would be 1% of the speed of light
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---------------------------- v = c * z
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--------------------------- Receding velocity = 300,000 km / sec * 1%
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----------------------- Receding Velocity = 3,000 km/ sec
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---------------------- Receding Velocity = 6,710,800 miles per hour.
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- The distant galaxy is moving away from us at 6.7 million miles per hour.
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- (2) The expanding space is due to the opposing forces of gravity due to mass and Dark Energy in the vacuum of space. Dark Energy is winning. Not only is everything else not bound by gravity spinning it is accelerating away from us.
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- (3) Review 1851 - discusses the fastest and slowest velocities from expanding space to continental drift. It lists 4 other reviews on the subject and 6 footnotes about the calculations used.
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- The first homo sapiens on Earth appeared over 2,000,000 years ago. But, one orbit around the Galaxy takes 220,000,000 years. So, we have completed only 0.9% of the orbit. One second on your watch takes 1/60 of its orbit around the dial and that is 1.7%. You people have not been around very long.
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----------------------------------- Tuesday, April 28, 2020 ---------------------
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