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--------------------- 2717 - PARTICLE PHYSICS - Nature’s Constants and Particles
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- You can make your own particle accelerator. No need to wait for CERN, Switzerland, to get their Large Hadron Collider operating. All you need is a car battery and a couple of metal plates.
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- Put a glass tube in between the plates. Connect the plates to the + and - 12 volts. You know have a 12 volt potential across the separation. Heat up the negative plate to shake out some electrons. A stream of electrons will be attracted to the positive plate. How fast do you thing the electrons are moving? You can calculate their speed.
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- The electron has kinetic energy = to ½ mass times velocity^2. Electrons also have mass according to E = m*c^2. The mass of an electron is 511,000 electron volts / c^2. Since the mass is the same for both equations we can set them equal to each other:
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----------- m = 2 * E / v^2 = m = 511,000 eV / c^2
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------------- where: The kinetic energy of the electron is 12 eV = E
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----------- where: c^2 - 9 * 10^16 meters^ 2 / second^2
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------------- where : v = velocity of the electron.
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---------- m = 2 * 12 / v^2 = m = 5.11*10^5 / 9*10^16
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------------ v^2 = 42.27*10^11
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------------ v = 2.056*10^6 meters / sec
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------------ v = 4,600,000 miles per hour
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- There you go. Your particle accelerator is accelerating an electron to a velocity of over 4 million miles per hour. That is 0.6% of the speed of light.
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- Actually, what you just built is very similar to a television set. The old style with a CRT, cathode ray tube. The cathode is the negative plate, or filament, that emits the electrons. The positive plate is replace with a screen so the electrons can pass through and strike a fluorescent screen behind the positive wire screen.
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- Add some lateral plates to sweep the electron beam side to side. Add a grid to control the intensity of the beam. And, there you have it a TV. The difference in voltage for a TV is 20,000 electron-volts instead of 12 volts. How much faster is the electron traveling in the TV?
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---------- m = 2 * 20*10^3 / v^2 = m = 5.11*10^5 / 9*10^16
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------------ v^2 = 157.6*10^11
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------------ v = 83.93*10^6 meters / sec
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------------ v = 187,800,000 miles per hour
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- The velocity of the electrons in a TV set is 188 million miles per hour. This is 28% the speed of light.
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- Electrons are the lightest particles and much easier to accelerator to near light speeds. Protons are 1,839 times heavier then electrons. It takes a lot more energy to accelerate protons to near light speeds.
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- The Large Hadron Collider at CERN, Switzerland, accelerates protons and anti-protons. They go around in a circular glass tube in opposite directions. The circle is 27 kilometers in circumference. The two beams slam into each other head-on. That is why it is called a collider and not just a particle accelerator.
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- To get protons up to 99% the speed of light requires 7,000,000,000 electron volts.
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- To get protons up to 99.95 % the speed of light requires 30,000,000,000 electron volts. It takes 4 times more energy to gain less than 1% more velocity. This is because according to the Theory of Relativity as an object approaches the speed of light its mass increases, time slows down, and length contracts.
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- To get protons up to 99.999,999,8% of the speed of light requires 14,000,000,000,000 electron volts, that is 14 trillion electron volts, or, 14 tera electron volts. The is the amount of energy the Large Hadron Collider can produce.
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- To keep protons going in a circle the LHC has a magnetic field of 10 Tesla produced by superconductor magnets cooled to liquid helium temperatures. The Earth has a magnetic field of 1/20,000th Tesla, for comparison.
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- What will man discover with this machine? What are the limits of human knowledge, the study of entomology. This brings us full circle to thoughts of Buddhism: What are the 8 “rights” for mankind:
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-------------------- right view
-------------------- right intention
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------------------- right speech
------------------- right action
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------------------- right support
------------------- right effort
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------------------ right mindfulness
------------------ right concentration
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- or, put in other words:
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-------------------- right view ------------- see reality for what it is, approach it with
-------------------- right intention--------- integrity and strong morals
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------------------- right speech--------- walk the talk, say what you do and do what you say.
------------------- right action
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------------------- right support --------- be prepared, work hard, make sure you are right
------------------- right effort ----------- go ahead.
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------------------ right mindfulness ------- focus and think straight.
------------------ right concentration
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- These are rights everybody should know.
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------------------------------Other Reviews about particle physics:
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- 2713 - PARTICLES - how physics explains everything? Today in physics there is a particle to explain almost everything. Physics even thinks that discovering a few more particles and they can create a “ Theory of Everything”. These are the fundamental particles. Some we can detect and some are still just theories.
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- 2313 - In our everyday world, when you get down to the fundamentals, everything we see or touch is made of only 6 fundamental particles. There is more beyond this Universe at ground level. At higher energies more particles exist. But, where we are at our low level energy of matter and electromagnetic energy there are only six particles.
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- 2290 - The universe of fundamental particles. In the simplest terms there are only two fundamental particles that make up our everyday world, quarks and leptons. This idea is just too amazing. Everything in the world is made from only two particles. The theory gets us to Feynman’s atom.
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- 2240 - Particle physics and quantum fields. Our Universe made out of particles found in the Periodic Table and in Fields. Every type of matter is composed of the known particles of the Standard Model of Particle Physics. Dark Matter is theorized to be a particle, while dark energy is theorized to be a field inherent to space itself. All the particles that exist are believed to be just excited quantum fields themselves. What gives them the properties that they have?
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- 2018 - A lesson in particle physics. Includes listing of 7 more reviews on the subject.
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- 1883 - Fundamental particles and the 5th Force Carrier? Particles coming from the Sun. New fundamental particles and possibly a discovery of a 5th fundamental force carrier. May be our first glimpse into the composition of Dark Matter.
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- 1868 - What do neutron lifetimes have to do with it? Includes a list of 16 more reviews.
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- 1848 - Particle physics, a history lesson. Particle Physics, a history lesson. 100 years of the search for how the sub-atomic beginning of the Universe ( Quantum Mechanics) evolved into the Universe of galaxies and the Theory of Gravity (General Relativity) is today still work in process. Here are the crypt-notes. Includes 7 biographies of famous physicists.
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- 1799 - Primer on Particle Physics. This review attempts to introduce the vocabulary to understand the quantum world of particle physics. Breakthroughs are on the horizon.
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- 1094 - Nature’s Constants and Particles. Understanding astronomy, the Universe, and the Big Bang all depend on the structure of atoms and the forces that interact with atoms. All things are as they are because Nature has constant relationships between atoms and forces. Constants that remain the same anywhere in the Universe over all space and time. We call them Natural Constants. They include the speed of light, the force of gravity, the fine structure constant that defines the orbits of electrons around nuclei in atoms.
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- 2011 - Physics in a nutshell.
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- 811 - The Large Hadron Collider.
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- 2133 - Mass, momentum and inertia?
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- April 23, 2020 1097 2717
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--------------------- Thursday, April 23, 2020 -------------------------
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