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-------------------- 2716 - PHOTON - Wave-Particles, Anti-matter, and Entanglement
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- Photons are not just light they are radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, colors red to blue, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays, depending on their energy level. We know photons have momentum. Therefore, we tend to think of them as particles of energy with momentum.
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- It is the momentum of all the photons trying to leave the star that prevents the star from collapsing under the pressure of gravity. Momentum is defined as mass times velocity. We know the velocity of light to be 186,000 miles per second, but the mass of a photon is zero. So, momentum must have another definition.
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- In the early 1900’s momentum of light was discovered to come in “quantums“. Every bundle of light we call a photon was equal to a “Constant of Action“, which is the product of energy and time, per wavelength of the light.
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- In physics the product of energy and time is called “Action”. Momentum = Planck’s Constant of Action / wavelength. The shorter the wavelength the higher the momentum. The longer the wavelength the less momentum it has. X-rays hurt a lot more than radio waves.
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- Planck’s Constant of Action = 6.6*10^-34 kilograms * meters^2 / second, which is a very small quantity. In other units “h” 4.14 * 10^-14 electron- volts * seconds.
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- This momentum of energy is enough to make you see. Light bounces off what you see and ends up in your eye. It is the momentum of light that strikes the cells, or cones, in you retina that stimulates the nerves leading to the brain.
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- Although we think of these as particles with momentum photons actually travel through space as waves. No two photons travel the same way every time. Different photons take different routes and form different patterns.
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- But, statistically these wave patterns are a function of probabilities of the photons positions. If you send one photon at a time through 2 slits an interference pattern will build up over time. It is the same pattern you would get if you sent 1,000 photons through the 2 slits at the same time.
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- The interference patterns represent the distribution of probabilities for the location of the photons. The pattern can be a diffraction or an interference pattern, or , it can be a focused image of the two slits. In the latter case the waves behave like a lens.
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- Because of this dual property for light science has had 400 years of disagreement whether light is a particle or a wave.
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- If it is an interference pattern it must be a wave. It if reflects or ricochet’s according to mathematical formulas it must be a particle. Maxwell’s equations of electromagnet radiation treated light as waves. Einstein’s paper on the photoelectric effect treated light as particles. Particles he called “photons“.
- The energy of light is related to its frequency, or inversely to its wavelength, not to its intensity.
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- Energy = E = m*c^2 = m * velocity * velocity = momentum * velocity = momentum * frequency * wavelength.
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- And, Momentum * wavelength = Planck’s Constant of Action. E = momentum * h.
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- These are all equivalent relationships of photons of light. It turns out that every particle regardless of mass has a wavelength over which it can exist. It is simply that the wavelengths are so small the do not become important until the mass is so small, atomic level small.
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- Then, wavelengths become important. Then, waves are functions of uncertainty. Statistical probabilities control the existence of atomic level particles. Waves are the probabilities particles operate within.
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- Photons have been shown to behave like waves, but , science has also shown this phenomena to exist with electrons, with atoms, with molecules, even with bacteria. These are all small enough masses to exhibit wave like properties that we can detect.
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- Two photons emitted form the same source can be entangled. If a photon is absorbed by a certain material and two photons are re-emitted. These two photons are of a lower energy than the original photon but they came from the same source and are “ entangled”.
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- The two photons are inextricably linked together regardless of the distance in space they become separated. If the quantum state of one is changed, the other photon will experience the change, instantly. The quantum state of one is communicated to the other instantly, faster than the speed of light.
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- Experiments have proven this to be true although theories as to how have not. Once we can understand this it could be an extremely powerful technology in sending and encrypting information using light beams.
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- When the Universe first formed all particles were massless. As the Universe expanded and cooled particles gained mass in the forms of quarks and anti-quarks. Somehow, the Universe ended up with an excess of quarks. This excess of quarks accounts for the dominance of matter over anti-matter in our World.
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- Quarks make up the protons and neutrons that we call matter in our world. Calculations are that 30,000,001 quark particles were created for every 30,000,000 anti-quark particles. What can account for this slight imbalance, this slight asymmetry, remains a mystery for future scientists to figure out.
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- So, we have wave- particle duality, photon entanglement and anti-matter, matter asymmetry as three courses in our college of future study.
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- Personally, entanglement bothers me the most. My imagination can wade through the other two, but not that one. It is just too weird for me to comprehend. Entanglement?
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---------------------------- See other reviews about photons:
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- 2229 - Photons - The mysteries of light. When we approach the speed of light, 186,000 miles per second, Clocks run at different rates, distances appear to shrink, and objects themselves change color depending on their speed relative to your speed. Yet, at the same time, relativity declares that the laws of physics are the same and invariant for all observers, regardless of their motion. So what does this mean for a photon, which itself moves at the speed of light?
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- 2228 - Photons, what have we learned about light?
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- 2181 - The photon is the force carrier for all electric charge repulsive and attractive forces. These forces exit between particles because photons travel between them. One eye blink contains as many erg-seconds as there are centimeters across the Observable Universe.
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- 2113 - The transfer of energy from a photon is dependent on its frequency. The higher the frequency the higher the energy. Ultraviolet light has higher energy than red light. It can give you a sunburn. The human eye has 18 powers of 10 dynamic range. The number of photons entering the eye in daylight is 79,000,000,000,000,000 photons per second.
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- 1863 - From starlight to star dust. How the stars create the light?
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- 1810 - How many photons enter your eye? How many photons exist in the Universe?
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- 1074 - Physics the way I learned it.
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- April 23, 2020 912 2716
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--------------------- Thursday, April 23, 2020 -------------------------
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