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---------------------- 2711 - UNIVERSE - is it really a computer?
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- Here are some of his pearls of wisdom. If the Universe is a computer the computer language is the laws of physics. The computer logic is the same as an ordinary digital computer with NOT, COPY, AND, OR logic gates. Each atom in the Universe corresponds to a few bits of information.
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- Each atom has position, velocity, charge, and spin. Spin, for example, corresponds to a single bit, an up spin or a down spin, a one or a zero. In any physical system with exactly 2 states register exactly one bit. A system with 8 states registers 3 bits, 2^3 = 8.
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- Extending this theory then any system with finite energy in a finite volume of space has a finite number of bits of information. Information is physical. Information is made of bits. The bit is the smallest quantum of information.
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- Evolution is ongoing quantum computations of information. The continuous information processing is what makes up the dynamic evolution of the Universe.
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- How much information is in the human body? A single human genome contains 6,000,000 bits of information. A photograph contains 24,000,000 bits of information, that is 3 megabytes * 8 bits per byte. By adding up all the atoms in the entire Universe we have 10^122 operations performed on 10^92 bits of information. Those are obviously big numbers. The Universe contains an enormous amount of information.
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- The Universe is a machine that processes information. General Relativity is a theory of space and time and their interaction with matter and energy. Geometry of space time tells matter where to go and matter tells geometry how to curve.
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- Put this in computer terms: Space tells information where to go and information tells space how to curve. The structure of spacetime is derived from the structure of the underlying computations.
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- The amount of information required to describe a system’s regularities is its complexity. The Universe naturally generates complex systems. All living systems consume energy and reproduce with variation. Variations are supplied by quantum fluctuations. Quantum fluctuations are the randomness that is in the programming of the Universe.
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- Our complex world is a manifestation of the Universe’s quantum computing. Life did not come about by mere accident , it was programmed. Our evolution and our very living is the result of the intrinsic ability of matter and energy to process information according to a program, and the programmer.
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- A “quantum” bit can register a “1” or a “0” at the same time. Unlike an ordinary digital computer, a quantum computer can perform millions of computations simultaneously. All physical systems are quantum-mechanical in nature. The language of nature is the physical laws of nature . The laws governing energy, force, momentum, light, sound, electricity, gravity, ….
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- Energy is the ability to do work. Energy has the feature of always being conserved. The energy that created the Universe is the same energy that exists today and is expanding the Universe.
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- Gravity’s attraction is exactly balanced by the energy of expansion ( This statement was before the discovery of Dark Energy and the fact that the expansion is accelerating, implying an imbalance with gravity. There must be something else we do not know that restores a balanced Universe. Symmetry is a fundamental property of the Universe. )
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- Energy makes physical things do things, information tells things what to do.
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- Entropy is the information required to specify random motion. It is atomic and molecular disorder. It tells us how much thermal energy is unavailable for conversion into useful work. Entropy always remains the same or increases. It never decreases. Entropy measured in bits is the random, unknown bits in the system.
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- Information like energy can never be created or destroyed. Entropy is energy degrading from useful to useless forms. Energy always degrades. It is always seeking its lowest energy or its maximum Entropy.
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- When the Universe is a single temperature energy is gone and Entropy is maximum. This is where the Universe is headed billions of years from now. Entropy is the invisible information in the system. It is the measure of the unknown. When everything is known Entropy has decreased back to zero. Total Entropy and Information taken together can not decrease , but, Entropy remains that part of information that is unavailable.
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- It takes energy to process information. To do anything requires energy. To specify what gets done requires information.
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- Entropy and the unknowable information enter the world of quantum mechanics. Atoms and heavenly bodies move in a probabilistic fashion that can not be predicted, except in probabilities.
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- Light is made out of particles whose energy is proportional to the frequency of its wave. Light is a wave-particle duality. The wave is associated with the position of the particle. Wave information collapses if information is taken from the particle.
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- If information on the position of the particle is known with higher probability then information on the velocity, or momentum, of the particle is known with lower probability.
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- We live in a Universe programmed by the laws of physics with part of it always unknowable because Entropy exists in the quantum fluctuations of atoms that always hides information. The information is there we just can’t get to it. This puts variation in the evolution of the Universe that can not be totally predicted. That is why it is so interesting and why we are continually challenged to learn more.
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- In the last 100 years the laws of physics have gone from deterministic to confusing entanglements.
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- In 1900 Max Planck determined that energy came in “Quantum” as a way to solve the mathematical problem used to calculate the colors (frequencies) of light that were emitted from hot objects ( Black Body radiation).
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- In 1905 Albert Einstein used this math to describe the Photoelectric Effect, the emission of electrons in certain substances when exposed to light . The electric current was a function of frequency, not the intensity of the light.
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- In 1913 Niels Bohr used quantum math to describe the colors emitted by the hydrogen atom. Electrons occupied energy shells around the nucleus of the atom. Only exact quanta of energy packets would jump or drop an electron between the shell’s energy levels.
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- In 1925 Werner Heisenberg applied the quantum math to more complicated atoms. His equations treated electrons as particles.
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- In 1935 Erwin Schrodinger got the same results treating electrons as waves, not as particles. Heisenberg’s professor, Max Born, showed that the wave math could be interpreted as a measure of probabilities for a particle’s properties.
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- Heisenberg’s math later showed that precise measurements of some pairs of atomic properties could not be made simultaneously. Knowing the probabilities of momentum lessoned the knowledge of the probabilities of position.
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- The same pairing of probabilities occurs between time and energy. This became known as the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. The Uncertainty Principle allowed measuring only one property or the other, not both. Position and Momentum could not be simultaneously “ real”.
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- However we do not perceive our macro-world this way. Our every day math is analog and continuous and predictable in results, not quantum and probabilistic. How do we get predictable patterns from a cloud of quantum possibilities.? Maybe predictable is a “course - grained view” like temperature and pressure that emerges out of unpredictable and unobservable behavior of tiny molecules bouncing off each other?
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- Maybe information is bits and bytes that exists at the sub-quantum level? “Maybe the Universe is a computer?”
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- The math of probability and statistics could be describing this world of information that is too small to be seen. Particles and Fields could be very crude statistical descriptions of information?
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- Maybe Quantum Entanglement is at the very heart of “reality”. The Unit of Quantum information is called the “ qubit”. It represents multiple probabilities simultaneously. We can measure it but how it works remains a mystery.
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- In nature it could explain how birds migrate in the Earth’s magnetic field using entangled electrons in cryplochrome in their brains? How DNA nucleotides meet to form a base pair? How photosynthesis in a pigment molecule kicks off a series of electron transfers in other molecules to create sugar.
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- If nature can do it so can we. We can use quantum computing in cryptography, in teleportation and in qubits evaluating multiple scenarios simultaneously greatly increasing computer processing power.
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- Maybe the Universe really is a computer, a quantum computer? After 100 years a quantum world is still a new world for us. We have a lot more to learn. Stay tuned, an announcement will be made shortly.
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- April 18, 2020 1225 2711
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--------------------- Saturday, April 18, 2020 -------------------------
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