- 3052 - UNIVERSE - The Evolution of the Universe, The laws of physics say gravity is generated by matter and energy. The laws of physics in Quantum Mechanics say that vacuum energy could be the repulsive force of Dark Energy. However, the Quantum Mechanics math we know today calculates a force that is off by 55 orders of magnitude.
------------- 3052 - UNIVERSE - The Evolution of the Universe?
- The Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB) is a snapshot of the Universe at age 380,000 years. The image is a sphere of space and galaxies with the Earth located at the center.
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- In 1998 astronomers expected to find that the Universe’s expansion was slowly decelerating due to the constant attractive pull of gravity. To their surprise they learned the opposite. The Universe expansion was accelerating , expanding even faster with time.
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- Since the Big Bang the Universe has been expanding, thinning out, and cooling down. The Cosmic Inflation that occurred in the first seconds after the Big Bang assured that the Universe appears flat and uniform from our vantage point.
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- Only by expanding for a brief period faster than the speed of light could the opposite ends of the Universe have been in contact and have the uniform temperature and density we see today. At first discovery the CMB radiation appeared perfectly uniform in all directions.
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- As the Universe cooled matter condensed out of this brew of energy like glacial ice freezing on the ocean. Over millions of years stars, galaxies and blackholes formed. The Universe has cooled to 2.7 Kelvin temperature from its 3,000 Kelvin temperature that it had at the time it released the radiation the first time 380,000 years after the Big Bang.
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- The 2.7 Kelvin radiation proved to not be perfectly uniform. When precision measurements were later made astronomers were able to detect 1 part in 100,000 variation in temperatures. The CMB image changed from perfectly uniform to pock marked image of hotter and cooler variations spreading at about 1 arc second for each wave.
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- Further study of these slight temperature variations detected sound waves and harmonic waves that allowed astronomers to calculate the age of the Universe,( 3,700,000,000 years), the composition ( Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Ordinary Matter, and radiation) and the geometry ( the Curvature of Space is flat).
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- This is like studying the overtones of a violin and determining its age, type of wood, and geometry and concluding that it must be a Stradivarius violin. The waveforms were slight temperature variations that corresponded to slight compressions and rarefactions of the gas caused by the propagation of the sound wave.
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- The compressions became attractive forces for gravity. The denser regions coalesced and eventually evolved in to stars and galaxies.
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- There is a Horizon Problem in today’s Universe because it is so uniform. If you look to galaxies in one direction and to galaxies in the opposite direction they are similar. But, there is no way light could have been transmitted between them. They were too far apart to have possibly communicated and to have the same uniform temperatures.
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- The Theory of Cosmic Inflation solves this problem because these regions were in contact at an instant in time immediately after the Big Bang. They are afterwards separated by rapid Cosmic Inflation that expanded space faster than the speed of light.
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The smallest Quantum Mechanics fluctuations in the original plasma became explanations for the slight temperature variations in the CMB seen today.
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- The angular width of the variations of the CMB is about 1 arc degree, about twice the width of the Full Moon in the sky. The diameter of this 1 arc degree at age 380,000 years was 1 million lightyears.
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- Because the Universe has expanded by a factor of 1,000 each region today is one billion lightyears across. Since the year 380,000 the photons of the CMB have traveled for 13,700,000,000 years. Accounting for the expanding Universe they have traveled a distance of 45,000,000,000 lightyears.
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- The sound wave in the CMB precisely has a half wavelength of 180 degrees. This implies that the spatial curvature of the Universe is flat. If it were more than 180 degrees the curvature would be spherical. If it were less than 180 degrees the curvature would be saddle shaped. The flatness also supports the Theory of Cosmic Inflation because the Universe has expanded so much it appears flat to us.
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- Because the spatial geometry is dependent on the energy density the average must be near the “Critical Density’ of 10^-29 grams per cubic centimeter. The Critical Density is the density of mass and gravity that would just balance the expansion of the Universe so it would stop expansion, but not begin compression.
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- The amplitudes of the overtones, or harmonics, of the sound wave tell astronomers the strength of gravity required. Both Ordinary Matter and Dark Matter create the effects of gravity.
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- The calculations conclude the Ordinary Matter that make up our total world comprise only 5% of the mass-energy in the Universe. Ordinary Matter is only 5% of the Critical Density needed in a Flat Universe.
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- Therefore, what astronomers can see in their telescopes is only 2% of the Universe. What we can not “see” we must infer by its gravitational effects.
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- Astronomers expected gravity to be slowing down the expansion of the Universe. Einstein’s equations would allow either a push or a pull form gravity, but, astronomers never considered the push. In 1998 distant supernovae explosion were found to be dimmer than they should be. The conclusion was that they were further away than the calculations said they were.
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- Therefore the Universe must be expanding faster than expected and not slowing down at all. It is not only expanding it is expanding at an ever increasing rate.
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- We have known the Universe is expanding for 75 years since Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies were receding faster the further away they were. Einstein equated this to the uniform expansion of space. He further expected it to be slowing down determined by the density of the matter-energy within it. At the Critical Density the expansion would slow down and eventually stop at some infinite distance.
- When it was discovered that there was an anti-gravity force accelerating the expansion of the Universe it was called “Dark Energy“. Density of matter decreases as the volume of space increases. But, most of the matter is Dark Matter and we are not sure how Dark Matter or Dark Energy changes over time, or with the continued dilution of space.
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- Astronomers can tell if a galaxy with a given recession velocity is further away than expected because it is dimmer than expected. If it were brighter than expected that would mean the expansion was decelerating.
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- Type 1a supernova produce an explosion with a known “intrinsic luminosity“, that is, a known radiation per second output. The redshift tells astronomers the recession velocity. Compare this velocity with the apparent brightness for a large number of supernovae and you can produce a record of the Universe’s expansion.
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- Type 1a supernovae do not occur often so astronomers observe a large patch of sky containing thousands of galaxies. They compare images night after night to see if a transient point of light appears. The point of light is about 1 billionth as bright as the star, Sirius.
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- The results of these many observations have shown that the Universe was decelerating under the force of gravity for the first 5,000,000,000 years. It has been accelerating under the force of Dark Energy over the last 5,000,000,000 years. First Gravity was king, now Dark Energy is King.
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- The Acceleration of Dark Energy will determine what we can see in our Observable Universe over time. If acceleration continues galaxies will disappear over the Observable horizon. That is, their light does not have enough time to cover the distance to reach us.
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- If expansion begins decelerating we will be always observing more of the Universe as the horizon of our Observable Universe moves outward.
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- The laws of physics say gravity is generated by matter and energy. The laws of physics in Quantum Mechanics say that vacuum energy could be the repulsive force of Dark Energy. However, the Quantum Mechanics math we know today calculates a force that is off by 55 orders of magnitude.
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- If true the Universe would have completely flown apart eons ago. A vacuum of empty space contains 10^-26 kilograms of energy per cubic meter. This is too small to explain accelerations so astronomers have proposed an energy field that somehow exists in the vacuum of space. We do not know what could cause such a “field“. Dark Energy is the name of a total mystery.
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- When gravity strength falls off with the square of the distance this is simply 3 dimensional geometry where the 2 dimensional surface of expanding sphere increases in area (dilution) as the square of distance., area = x^2. Gravity is so weak compared to the other forces possibly it is leaking out into other dimensions.
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- This is what string theory suggests. The math of String Theory requires 11 dimensions, not just the 4 we are using in our spacetime math. We have learned a great deal about the evolution of the Universe. Obviously we need to learn a lot more. There are too many mysteries to be solved. ------------------------To learn more:
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- 3037 - UNIVERSE - your home is big place? Amazing to know that shortly after the Big Bang, the universe was a relatively small, nearly infinitely dense place. It boggles the mind. But that was 13,800,000,000 years ago. The expanding universe means the entirety of what we know is now incredibly large and is getting more immense every day.
- 2428 - The Cosmological Constant
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- 2550 - The History of Cosmology
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- 14 - The Universe is Flat
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- 50 - Cosmology, What is Physics Telling Us?
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- 767 - Einstein’s Cosmology
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February 17, 2021 UNIVERSE - The Evolution 1208 3052
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--------------------- --- Thursday, February 18, 2021 ---------------------------
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