- 3009 - COSMIC RAYS - and Dark Matter? When the forces of gravity and electromagnetism compete inside a giant star, eventually gravity always wins and the star collapses. So the fact that dark matter is 80% of the mass in the universe, and not 99.99999%, and regular matter is 20% as opposed to zero, strikes physicists as odd.
- 3010 - - MARS - Perseverance Mars mission? Perseverance mission in 2021? Space exploration just took the next giant leap in the search for signs of life beyond Earth. On July 30, 2020 NASA launched its most sophisticated and ambitious spacecraft to Mars, the “Perseverance rover“.
- 3011 - Launches and landing at sea has been a part of Musk long-term vision for SpaceX . Elon Musk is not just defining space launches he is redefining the auto industry. He is redefining the battery?
- 3012 - TELESCOPE - Roman searches further? - Hubble, Chandra, the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, telescopes have shed light on our place in our universe beyond the wildest imaginations. There is so much more to learn. Dark matter is thought to make up some 85 percent of the universe' total mass, dark matter has eluded our astronomers.
- 3013 - SUPERNOVA - one explosion nearby? At that same time, there was also an extinction event on Earth, called the “Pliocene marine mega fauna” extinction. Up to a third of the large marine species on Earth were wiped out at the time, most of them living in shallow coastal waters.
- 3014 - ATOM - Nuclear Forces and Electron Volts? The Cosmic Ray is a proton traveling at nearly the speed of light. It was flung out of a galaxy that was 12 million lightyears away. It was so near light speed that after 12 million lightyears it was only behind a photon, released at the same time, by 46 nanometers. Because Relativity slows time at light speed the Cosmic Ray has only experienced 20 minutes of flight.
- 3015 - CONSTANTS - light to fine structure? The strangest thing about the Universal Constants is that if any were even slightly different we would not be here. If the Fine Structure Constant were to change even 4% carbon would not be produced in stellar fusion. If it were 1% instead of 0.7% all fusion would not take place in stars. Universal Constants are strange numbers but you can thank your lucky stars they are what they are.
- 3016 - PARTICLE PHYSICS - Phonons, Plasmons, and Magnons? Phonons, Plasmons, and Magnons, you probably have not heard of these. They are particles that appear in material when sizes are very small. When we get into the very, very small all particles are also waves. This is called a wave-particle duality in physics.
- 3017 - UNIVERSE - like Swiss Cheese? The mission is to study the nature of Dark Matter for a better understanding of matter, space and time. We are studying the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation with higher resolution and higher sensitivity. Telescopes integrated together with computers, are among projects designed to find the answers. (See Review 3019 - Telescopes - connect tem all together?)
- 3018 - GALAXIES - the most distant galaxies? Most of the galaxies in the Universe are “ over the horizon” and beyond what we can see. Astronomers estimate that 98.4% of the galaxies in the Universe lie in the zone that we can never observe. (Unless we find something we can detect traveling faster that the speed of light.)
- 3019 - TELESCOPES - connect them all together? There is no one single sensor that can collect data in all of those different wavelengths at the same time. Therefore, scientists have developed a many different instruments that are extremely good at collecting data in one specific spectrum, such as radio (ALMA), or mid-range infrared (James Webb).
- 3020 - ENERGY an abundance of alternatives? The U.S. uses 4,000,000,000 kilowatts per year. The world 17,000,000,000 kilowatts. We need to pursue many different energy alternatives and let each one meet the market conditions for readily available, lowest cost energy.
- 3022 - COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT - Einstein’s blunder? Without the cosmological constant in the equation there is no term to counteract gravity and the Universe would collapse on itself. With the term small enough the Universe would expand but gravity simply continuously slows the expansion into infinity.
- 3023 - MARS - returning rock samples to Earth? - Fundamental questions about Mars remain related to its potential for life; the geological history of the planet; the history of its climate and the driving forces behind these changes; the evolution of geologic processes and the interior composition and structure; and more recent atmospheric, polar, surface, and interior processes.
- 3024 - UNIVERSE - a short story? About 200,000 years ago, along came upright creatures capable of marveling at our mysterious universe and discovering how the whole thing came to be. Here is their story.
- 3025 - LASERS - a path to fusion power of stars? The hope is that such research could lead to fusion power plants, which could provide energy without emitting greenhouse gases or hazardous nuclear waste. These laser installations dedicate many of their experiments to pursuing fusion power. Mimicking the stars.
- 3026 - CASIMIR - force and vacuum energy? - How Vacuum Energy is affecting nanotechnology and expanding the Universe?
- 3027 - ATOMS - how fine structure constant works? - This is a 100 year story of how physicists were able to figure out the mathematics that defines the behavior of an atom. They are still figuring, but, we have come a long way. One of the biggest issues was infinity, which is a very long way.
- 3028 - INTEREST - The Growth and Decay of Money? Learn the math for the growth and decay of money. Let’s study the growth of money. The math is very interesting and it applies to many situations in nature that experience growth or decay. It involves compound interest in the case of money. In nature it is any continuous rate of change, usually with time.
- 3029 - EQUATIONS - that affect the world? How equations resulted from observations and inventing math. Equations are observations that are put in mathematical terms. Equations are discoveries. Math is an invention, a powerful invention. Equations allow you to predict accurately future results.
- 3030 - BRAIN - what creates consciousness? - How does the brain become a mind and create consciousness? Human brains have figured out how the Sun shines, how life evolved from a single cell, why apples fall. Our brains have built telescopes that see the galaxies as far back as the beginning of time.
- 3031 - KINETIC ENERGY - the energy of motion? The Universe is in constant motion. how fast is every thing moving in miles per hour. The energy of motion is called Kinetic Energy. The Universe is in constant motion in all directions and everywhere. The Universe must be FULL of energy. Constant motion is a natural state.
- 3032 - KINETIC ENERGY - defined. It all starts with the law of the Conservation of Energy. It is an amazing concept that Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Energy can only be changed from one form into another. And, the Energy created in the Big Bang is the same Energy we have today. It just got spread out quite a bit in the expansion of the Universe.
- 3033 - ROCKET REACTIONS - what are the physics, the math? - Rockets are very interesting if you want to learn physics. Rocket designs get right down to the fundamentals.
- 3034 - NEUTRINO DISCOVERIES - Neutrinos have a newly discovered method of interacting with matter, opening up ways to find them. The neutrino is a confounding little particle that is believed to have played a major role in the evolution of our Universe.
- 3035 - STARS - How many stars are in the sky? How many stars can you count on a clear night. I sure you would estimate several thousand. Astronomers have been fascinated with counting the stars for centuries. Over recent decades they have even developed a mathematical formula for calculating the number of stars you can see.
- 3036 - MAGNETAR - The Brightest Flash in Our History. December 27, 2005 the brightest flash of light in our history passed by Earth. It originated over 50,000 years ago when, here on Earth, only 50 northern Europeans survived the ice age on Earth from which all Europeans are descendents.
- 3037 - UNIVERSE - your home is big place? Amazing to know that shortly after the Big Bang, the universe was a relatively small, nearly infinitely dense place. It boggles the mind. But that was 13,800,000,000 years ago. The expanding universe means the entirety of what we know is now incredibly large and is getting more immense every day.
- 3038 - REDSHIFTS - tells us how old it is? The time that light has been traveling towards is 13 billion years. Space has been expanding during that time. Expanding space stretches out the wavelength of the light. Longer wavelength are towards the red end of the light spectrum, thus the “ redshift” of light.
- 3039 - ANTIMATTER - the opposite of normal matter? "Antimatter." is just like normal matter, with all the same properties and all the same abilities to make up atoms and molecules, except for one crucial difference: It has an opposite charge
- 3040 - EARTH - evolution of the Solar System? - To carry our lineage back further this review is about the geological history of our Solar System. We do not have many rocks to work with, a few meteorites, so the history lesson takes more imagination. By studying the rocks, gas , and stars within 6,500 lightyears of Earth with detailed observations.
- 3041 - QUANTUM MECHANICS - controlling our reality? This review discuss the strange world of Quantum Mechanics and suggests that it is really controlling our reality below the surface. Quantum behavior may be what allows birds to fly thousands of miles with precise navigation. It may be what allows plants to synthesize sunlight. It may be what links your brain to eyesight.
- 3042 - ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES - into light? When studying electricity and magnetism science measured the forces and the relationships between charges and distances of separation. These forces behaved very similar to gravity but much stronger. When electric permittivity and magnetic permeability were defined it was discovered that the ratio of their product was the speed of light. That is how science discovered that light was an electromagnetic wave.
- 3043 - PLANETS - how many are out there? We are content in thinking we have discovered the planets in our solar system. We have eight planets circling he Sun. Nine if you count Pluto. Then more planetoids are being discovered orbiting farther from the Sun than Pluto.
- 3044 - EXOPLANET - Pegasi and Doppler shift astronomy? The planet “51 Pegasi b” was discovered in 1995. It was the first planet discovered orbiting a normal star, like our Sun. When watching the star astronomers were able to detect a rhythmic wobble using the “Doppler Shift Technique.”
- 3045 - EXOPLANETS - and the search or life? Astronomers have been working hard adding the number of planets found to exist in other solar systems in our Milky Way Galaxy. By 2020, astronomers have discovered over 4,000 planets in other solar systems. 1995 was when the first planet outside our own solar system was found.
- 3046 - ANTIMATTER - and the Higgs Boson discoveries? Why is the universe is dominated by matter over antimatter, but there could be entire stars, and maybe even galaxies, in the universe made of antimatter. If the Universe did start out of ‘nothing” then there is equal amounts of matter and antimatter that would come back together and annihilate each other back to “nothing” again.
- 3047 - EINSTEIN - are his theories real life? One of the most mysterious components in the entire Universe is “dark energy“, which wasn’t supposed to exist. We had assumed that the Universe was a balancing act, with the expansion of the Universe and the gravitational effects of everything within it fighting against one another.
- 3048 - SHOOTING STARS - Out of the Galaxy? If a star is traveling over 1,000,000 miles per hour it is referred to as a “hypervelocity star“. Some 16 or these hypervelocity stars have been discovered. The first one discovered in 2005 was traveling over 2,000,000 miles per hour. In 2006 and 2007 seven more hypervelocity stars were discovered.
- 3049 - DARK MATTER - is real but what is it? Dark matter is still an unconfirmed model, yet , the detractors have yet to convince the larger field of their ideas. And the latest evidence? It also suggests that dark matter is real. But what is it?
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