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--------------------------------- - 1978 - GRAVITY - how does it happen?
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- Gravity is a mystery. It is “free fall“. The moon is free falling around the Earth as it just misses us on each orbit. You are free falling right now. It is just the ground is stopping you.
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- In grade school we learned that gravity was always an attractive force between two masses. Later we learned that gravity was infinite and that it pervades all of space. It has infinite range that simply gets progressively weaker with distance. The gravity force decreases at the inverse square of distance:
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---------------------------- F = m * M / d^2
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-------------------------- Gravity Force = product of 2 masses / ( distance )^2
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- We have learned that gravity travels at the speed of light. Most recently we have discovered that gravity travels as waves.
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- Gravity was first defined by Isaac Newton in 1666. He gave us the above formula for the universal force of gravity.
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- In 1915 that all changed. Albert Einstein published the Theory of General Relativity stating that gravity was not a force at all. Rather a distortion in space and time.
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- Today we still struggle with defining gravity in terms of Quantum Mechanics. Gravity above is defined as a variable according to mass. General Relativity defines gravity with the property of the curvature of space-time. It is how mass reacts to the distorted space. Mass is simply following the closest, and easiest path through the fabric of curved space-time.
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- The qualities of gravity do not have an independent existence. If there is no mass there is no gravity.
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- If somehow gravity was turned off space and time would disappear as well.
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- This concept for gravity is unlike the electromagnetic force. It cannot be turned off by a neutral charges. You cannot turn off gravity by neutralizing space or by neutralizing time.
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- The equations of 1915 are the most detailed mathematical theory of how gravity works. In 90 years no error has been discovered in this math versus our observations.
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- The newest experiments being tested involve the concepts of gravitational waves and frame dragging. These phenomena exist around rotating massive objects, like two rotating Blackholes.
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- The Theory of Relativity predicts gravitational waves as distortions in space - time caused by the acceleration of matter. The electromagnetic force is also produced by the acceleration of charged articles. Both are waves that carry energy. Both travel at the speed of light , 186,282 miles per second.
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- Gravitational waves were discovered in 2004. Orbiting pulsars (neutron stars ) were found loosing energy because they were emitting gravity waves. The math proved the observations to be accurate. The pulsars provided accurate clocks to measure orbits. The orbits shrinking exactly matched the energy that gravity was removing from the system.
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- In 2016 twin LIGO gravity wave detectors registered simultaneous pulses of geometry distortions created by passing gravity waves. These waves originated in colliding and rotating Blackholes billions of lightyears away .
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- In 1997 frame dragging was detected in X-ray studies of distant Blackholes . As a massive Blackhole rotates it drags space-time around with it.
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- These phenomena implies that you can not have stable orbits around a rotating body. An experiment using Gravity Probe B satellite confirmed this in 2011. The satellite experienced space-time precisely shifted in magnitude due to the rotating mass of the Earth.
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- Gravity seems to operate the same with anti-matter as with matter. The Large Hadron Collider experiment is trying to confirm this phenomena. At least we know that anti-matter does not fall “up’.
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- A new mystery of gravity has surfaced. It has to do with Dark Matter. Using mathematical laws of gravity 63% of the mass in the Universe is Dark Matter, but, we have not identified a particle, any verifiable substance, that can account for this unknown mass.
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- Normal matter comes together and interacts with light. It absorbs, emits, reflects, with electromagnetic radiation. However, normal matter cannot account for all the gravity we see in the universe. For example: The Coma Cluster of galaxies move far to quickly to account for mathematically the visible mass we can see. The mass needed to keep the rotating galaxies from flying apart is 50 times greater than the mass that is visible.
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- Astronomers cannot reconcile these observations. Either the math for gravity is wrong, or, there is 6 times more mass than what electromagnetic radiation can detect.
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- The math tells us there is an invisible halo of Dark Matter around stars, gas, and globular clusters. Even our own Milky Way Galaxy. If you measure the orbital velocity of stars rotating around the center of our galaxy they do not follow the math. More distant stars from the center should be flying off into space. But, they are not. Some unseen mass is holding stars in galaxies together?
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- Is there a form of matter that interacts with gravity , but does not interact with electromagnetism?
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- What about galaxy’s behavior in the early universe? Have these same behaviors existed throughout the history of the Universe?
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- Dwarf Galaxies appear to have a much higher percentage of Dark Matter present than the 5 to 1 ratio of normal galaxies. Early studies , limited data, still confirms that more distant galaxies rotate more slowly at their outskirts than at their centers. Some data would suggest that Dark Matter was less dominate in the early universe.
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- Is there a consistent drop-off in rotational velocity as you move away from the center of all galaxies?
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- There seems to be very good evidence for the existence of Dark Matter even at these different stages of galactic evolution.
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- So, is the theory of gravity incomplete? Are there some undiscovered particles that explain these phenomena? It took us 50 years to discover the Higgs Boson. Let’s hope we don’t need another 50 years to discover the source of Dark Matter.
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- The jury is still out. It is not conclusive. Is there Dark Matter or, is there modified gravity? We need more data!
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- There are 14 more Reviews about gravity , gravitational lensing, Planck’s Constant, gravitons, space, time, gravity waves, acceleration, #1875 and #1885 has the index, all available upon request.
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- July 22, 2019 1978
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--------------------- Monday, July 22, 2019 --------------------
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