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--------------------------------- 2413 - VELOCITY - The Very Slow to the Very Fast
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- Velocity is a state of motion measured as the rate of change of distance with time. 60 mph is the change of distance of 60 miles in the time of one hour.
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- Using the language of calculus, velocity is the first derivative of distance as a function of time. It is the slope of the curve in a graph of distance versus time. The first derivative of velocity is acceleration. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time. It is the slope of the line when you plot velocity versus time.
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- The acceleration of gravity near the surface of Earth is 9.8 meters /second / second, which is 32 feet / second^2, which is 22 miles per hour / second . If you were to free fall from a tall building after the first second or after falling 16 feet you would be traveling 32 ft/sec (22 miles per hour).
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- After falling 48 feet in 2 seconds you would be traveling 64 ft/sec. (44 miles per hour, usually considered fatal). After 3 seconds, 96 ft/sec. (65 mph). After 112 feet, 128 ft/sec. (87 mph) and so on until you hit the ground, or some other force slows you down. At 144 feet, after 5 seconds you would be traveling 160 ft/sec which is 109 miles per hour.
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- Most likely the drag from your parachute or, friction from the air would be slowing you down after that speed. Top speed with air resistance in free fall is 120 miles per hour. However, if a skydiver assumes a streamlined position she can reach speeds of 200 miles per hour.
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- Speed is about the same thing as velocity except speed lacks direction ; it is the absolute magnitude of velocity. Velocity has magnitude plus direction. Velocity = speed at some angle, or direction.
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- One of the slowest velocities we are experiencing is the movement of the Pacific Tectonic Plate. And, actually, it is the fastest of the 12 tectonic plates that make up Earth’s crust.
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- The Pacific Plate is moving at 4 inches per year. That is equivalent to .00000000709 miles per hour. Hardly worth noticing except over 100 million years this velocity moved Bodega Bay Head the full distance of the Pacific coast from Baja Peninsula in Mexico to where it sits today.
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-------------------------------------- 10^8 years * 4 inches/year = 631 miles
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- The Qori Kalis glacier in Peru is receding at 700 feet per year, .0000151 miles per hour. At that velocity the entire Quelccaya ice sheet will melt in the next 50 years. If the same happens to the world’s other mountain glaciers it would raise the oceans 0.5 meters and displace 100,000,000 people in coastal areas around the globe.
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- Bamboo is actually a type of grass that is the fastest growing plant in the world. It can grow 3 feet per day, .0000237 miles per hour, to a height of 72 feet. That is 30% faster than any other plant on the planet. At the same time bamboo has the highest strength to weight ratios of any plant species.
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------------------------ 3 ft/24 hour = 3.472*10^-5 ft/sec = 2.37*10^-5 miles per hour
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- The fastest Olympic swimmer has a velocity of 5.17 miles per hour, covering 50 meters in 21.64 seconds. (Alexander Popov, 2000 Russian national championships. He had exceptionally large feet for his 6ft 6in frame.)
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- The fastest female marathon runner, Paula Radcliffe, averages 11.6 miles per hour. In 2003 her time was 2 hours, 15 minutes, 25 seconds.
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- The Pacific Leather back turtle can swim 22 miles per hour. This is just about as fast as the fastest track star, Tim Montgomery, in the 100 meter dash in 9.77 seconds, averaging 22.9 miles per hour.
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- A Jackrabbit can run 35 miles per hour. Y dog Holly quickly figures this out and gives up after 50 yards of chase.
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- The fastest horse ran 37.6 miles per hour. That was Secretariat in 1973 Kentucky Derby. His heart weighed 21 pounds, 3 times larger than the average thoroughbred horse his size. This velocity is matched by an elevator in the Taipei Tower that climbs the 1,677 foot tower with 24 passengers in 39 seconds, 37.6 miles per hour. (29 mph average).
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- The world’s fastest land animal is the Cheetah with a top speed of 60 miles per hour. But, few know, that the sail fish can travel 68 miles per hour under water.
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- The fastest bullet shaped bicycle in 2002 was clocked at 81 miles per hour pedaling on level ground.
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- The roller coaster, Kingda Ka, in Cedar Point, Sandusky, Ohio accelerates to 128 miles per hour in 3.5 seconds. It carries 1,400 riders per hour to a height of 456 feet and it is all over in 50 seconds, if you have the stomach for it.
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- Velocity can be used to apply to other things besides distance. The fastest temperature change occurred in Loma, Montana, January 1972, going from -54F to +49F in 24 hours. 103 F in 24 hours, or 4.3 degrees per hour.
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- In July 1979, Alvin, Texas received 43 inches of rain in 24 hours, 1.8 inches per hour. In April 1921, Silver Lake, Colorado, received 75.8 inches of snow, 3.16 inches per hour.
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- Back to covering distance in a hurry, Monaco Venturi Automobiles has a production electric car that can travel 105.6 miles per hour, zero to 60mph in 4.5 seconds with 300 horsepower at 14,000 rpm. This is a production model. Research model electric cars have been clocked at 314.96 miles per hour.
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- Ferrari Enzo makes a production car that does 217 miles per hour.
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- The commuter train in Shanghai travels 267 miles per hour, covering 19 miles in 8 minutes, averaging 143 mph. The train is levitated on a magnetic track.
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- Citation makes a civilian production airplane that goes 600 miles per hour. But, the fastest civilian airplane is the Russian TU-144D that travels 1,450 miles per hour.
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- In 1997 the fastest car traveled a mile of desert in 4.7 seconds reaching 763 miles per hour. The car had two jet engines.
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- The fastest rifle bullet travels 2,400 miles per hour.
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- The fastest military missile travels 5000 feet per second, 3,409 miles per hour.
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- The fastest aircraft in 2004 was the scramjet clocked at Mach 9.8, 6,800 miles per hour.
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- The fastest cannon ball (projectile) was fired by Lawrence Livermore Labs, 17,895 miles per hour.
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- The fastest manned spacecraft, Apollo 10, entered the Earth’s atmosphere in 1969 traveling 25,000 miles per hour.
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- The planet Mercury is orbiting the Sun at 131,979 miles per hour. The satellite, Helios, launched in 1976 to study the Sun is in orbit at 158,000 per hour.
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-The Earth is traveling around the Sun at 67,108 miles per hour.
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- The Sun is traveling around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy at 671,081 miles per hour.
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- The Milky Way Galaxy is traveling toward the Andromeda Galaxy at 178,955 miles per hour.
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- An Interstellar Cloud is moving away from us in an expanding Universe. Hydrogen gas in the cloud experiences electron spins that reverse directions and emit a photon at an energy level of 21 centimeters wavelength, 1.4 Gigahertz. Because the Cloud is moving away from us the wavelength gets stretched out and we measure 21.007 centimeters wavelength.
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- The frequency emitted is 1,428,571,429 cycles per second. The frequency received is 1,428,095,397 cycles per second. The difference is a redshift of 475,032 cycles per second. The velocity moving away from us can be determined by the change in wavelength * speed of light / emitting wavelength = .007 cm* 3*10^8 m/sec /21 cm
= 100,000 m/sec = 223,694 miles per hour.
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- Light travels at 670,616,629 miles per hour. The fastest known objects, hydrogen nuclei or protons, are cosmic rays that have been found traveling 670,616,628.99 miles per hour.
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- Light travels fastest in a vacuum. It travels slower in other medium. On March 27, 2006, I attended a lecture by Dr. Mukund Vengalattore from UC Berkeley. His experiment was passing light pulses through Rubidium gas that was laser cooled. This medium slowed the light pulse down from 670,000,000 miles per hours to 6.7 miles per hour.
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- He hopes to create light amplifiers and switches that can work in fiber optics eliminating the need to convert light back to electronics in order to accomplish these features. By the way the light between the atoms is still traveling at light speed it is the process of absorption and emission in the atoms that determines the speed of the pulse through the medium.
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- Time depends on the observer, but the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers. Nothing can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum.
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- But, the space between galaxies in an expanding Universe can travel faster than the speed of light. That velocity is accelerating and the galaxies we see today will someday be outside our field of vision.
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- As the Universe expands the Observable Universe, what is observed, gets smaller. We are losing sight of all those galaxies. They are moving faster than the speed of light away from us. This Review has taken you from the very slow to the very fast.
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- July 9, 2019 628
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--------------------- Tuesday, July 9, 2019 --------------------
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