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----------------------- 2414 - QUANTUM MECHANICS - to explain the Universe
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- Using quantum mechanics to explain the world we live in gets really, really weird. A lot of what we know about the Standard Model of Nature’s fundamental particles came from studying Cosmic Rays. These are misnamed as rays because they are really particles that make up all the atoms.
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- All ordinary matter that we know is made of Leptons and Quarks. The lightest were discovered first: The Leptons: the electron and the electron neutrino. The Quarks: The Down Quark and the Up Quark. Two Up Quarks and a Down Quark make up a proton and Two Down Quarks and an Up Quark make up a neutron. (See Review # 687 to learn more about Cosmic Rays)
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- The next heavier family of Leptons and Quarks are: Muon, Muon Neutrino and Strange Quark and Charm Quark. The Muon is a heavy electron and it decays into an electron very rapidly.
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- The third still heavier family of Leptons and Quarks are: Tau, Tau-Neutrino, Bottom Quark, and Top Quark.
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- These twelve Leptons and Quarks are all held together by four Force Carriers called: W Boson, Z Boson, Gluon, and Photon. The photon is most familiar because it is the force carrier for the electromagnetic force which carries the electricity, magnetism, and light that we use every day.
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- Now, I hear yuh. You’re asking the right question, so what makes up these 12 fundamental particles? There must be something more fundamental that we have not discovered yet?
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- Some mathematicians think they have found it. The answer is that all “fundamental” particles are made of space-time. The fundamental particles are really just twists and turns of space and time. Once more, space and time come in quantum just like energy and light. They have linked up Einstein’s equations for relativity and Heisenberg’s equations for quantum mechanics.
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- The problem with studying the Big Bang is that Einstein’s equations do not work when the Universe gets very, very small. When time and space get down to the atomic level his equations generate a bunch of unworkable infinities.
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- The mathematicians’ theory is called Loop Quantum Gravity and it merges general relativity and quantum mechanics into a single consistent theory. It starts with the idea that space is not smooth and continuous. Instead space is indivisible chunks (quantum) just 10^-35 meters in diameter.
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- Then space-time becomes a network of links that connect these discrete volumes of space into braid-like structures. This theory abandons the idea of point-like particles but theorizes that fundamental particles are ribbons with length and width and they interact by wrapping around each other.
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- The ribbons could cross over and under each other to form a braid. The ribbons can twist clockwise and counterclockwise along their length. Each twist corresponds to 1/3 of an electric charge. The sign of the electric charge depends on the direction of the twist.
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- The braid is like a deformed pretzel. The simplest configuration corresponds to an electron neutrino. The mirror image is its anti-particle, the electron anti-neutrino. If you have three clockwise twists you have an electron, with and electric charge of minus one.
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- The opposite twists is a positron. Twist one braid and you get a Down Quark. Twist two braids and you get an Up Quark. By reconfiguring all the twists and turns of these braids you can reconstruct all the “fundamental” particles.
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- The braids themselves are tangled plaits of space-time. The braids in space are the source of all matter and energy. One reason for believing this is that mathematicians have been able to generate Newton’s law of gravity from their equations for quantum sized space. The math is getting more complicated but they hope to reproduce Einstein’s general relativity equations using this same theory.
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- We mentioned that the quantum of space was only 10^-35 meters in diameter. Well the quantum of time is only 10^-44 seconds in duration. How can something that short a time actually create anything?
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- Now it gets really weird: The quantum in space time acts like a bit in a computer. Space is not really space it is “information“. And Time is simply a clock. If you have information and a clock you have a computer. A computer does everything it does just using a switch between a one and a zero.
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- The magic is in the software, the programming of information in the computer. So in summary God has programmed these qubits of space-time to do everything we see in the Universe. The Universe is simply one giant computer.
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- Qubits operate like ones and zeros, except they can also be both at the same time. That makes programming them very, very powerful. And calculations show that the qubits would have the resilience to preserve the quantum braids in space-time. This resilience allows particles to be long lived in the quantum world of space time quantum turbulence and randomness.
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- Mathematicians have already recreated electric charges and spin orientation of particles and their anti-particles. They are now working on calculating the masses of the fundamental particles. Next, they hope to recreate the fundamental constants in nature. (See # 619 Review to learn about the Constants in Nature).
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- Testing the accuracy of this theory is challenging because no experiments work well at the quantum level. But, maybe at the cosmology level it can be tested. By studying the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation left over from the Big Bang maybe they can find the link to quantum fluctuations that occurred at the very earliest moments of the Big Bang when all the energy and matter of the Universe was crammed into a singularity.
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- Space itself may not exist. It may really be just a web of information. A software program of qubits written by a higher intelligence.
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- The Standard Model of Particle Physics has for the most part been recreated in particle accelerators. If Loop Quantum Gravity can recreate the same properties of the “fundamental” particles in the Standard Model this too would help prove the theory.
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- If the theory is right all atoms and people are simply made of dreadlocks of space-time that is all tangled together over the entire Universe. God has programmed the computer to create the world we live in. Maybe?
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- Something to think about. It’s just a theory.
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- July 10, 2019 688
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--------------------- Wednesday, July 10, 2019 --------------------
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