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--------------------- 2420 - TIME - thinking about time
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- At my age I do not have much time, so, I better be thinking about time. It is time to think, time to think about time. Has time always been here, or did it have a beginning? Was there a start for time? Will time always be here, or will it have an end? Is there a finish for time?
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- Then, there is the arrow of time. What causes time to flow in one direction only? In a real sense time flows at the speed of light. Everything you observe is younger by the distance light has traveled. The distance in miles divided by 186,000 miles per second is the amount of time the object is younger than the instant you see it.
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- This phenomenon of the finite speed of light, and all observation, means that no two times are the same if they are separated in space. If two people synchronize their watches they must accurately take into account the time delay for the information about time to travel between them.
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- We live in an expanding Universe. There are lots of astronomical observations as evidence this is true. The further the galaxy is away from us the younger we are seeing it and the faster it is receding from view.
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- When we look at the closest star, Proxima Centura, what we see is 4.5 years younger than it is today, or now. That is because the nearest star is 4.5 lightyears away and it takes 41/2 years for the light to reach us.
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- If we look at a galaxy that has an active Black Hole at its center, a Quasar, that is enormously bright in luminosity, that of billions of stars, we can see something that is 13,000,000,000 years younger.
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- It is nearly back to the Big Bang which is 13.73 billion years ago. If we see something 730,000,000 lightyears further away than that maybe we could see the origin of the Big Bang. At that time we had the entire Universe squeezed down to the size of a single atom.
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- Maybe we could learn what caused the Big Bang to go bang? Why did the Universe start to expand in the first place? Once expansion did start gravity soon separated out from the four forces and tried to pull it back. It was not strong enough. Expansion continued and the Strong Nuclear force separated out from the remaining three forces.
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- When the Strong Force separated so much energy was released that the expansion of the Universe accelerated, expanding 30 powers of 10 in less than a second. This rapid expansion, faster than the speed of light, is what caused the Universe to look uniform and homogeneous to us today. We can only see a small portion of the universe. We can only see what light has had time to reach us.
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- Was time and space there when the Big Bang occurred, or was it first created when the Big Bang occurred? Was time and space there before it occurred? Our Universe expanded with an arrow of time in one direction, but is there another Universe expanding in the opposite direction of time?
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- Is there a law of the Conservation of Time? Physicists call the arrow of time, Entropy. Entropy in a system always increases. Entropy is disorder, or randomness, or equilibrium where everything is randomly the same.
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- Randomness is the lowest energy state and that is where the Universe is heading. That is where time is heading. The Universe expands, getting colder, every particle becomes separated into empty space. Until the Universe is uniform and in equilibrium. Time is the measure of change and nothing changes. Time stops.
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- Therefore, if the Universe ends with maximum Entropy then it must have began with minimum Entropy. The Big Bang was the point of maximum complexity. It is what started things changing. Time being the measure of change, time began.
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- Change was rapid at first, expanding by 10^30 times in 10^-32 seconds. It was all energy. Matter had not frozen out yet. Photons with this much energy can create matter, anti-matter pairs.
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- Gamma Rays can produce electrons, positron pairs according to E=mc^2. And, vice versa, when electrons, positron pairs collide they convert back to pure energy, Gamma Rays according to E=mc^2. All matter and anti-matter was colliding and annihilating itself until the expansion got big enough and cool enough matter and anti-matter got separated.
- Somehow, for every billion matter, anti-matter pairs that were created, one particle of matter was left over. When all the annihilation was over some matter was left over. That is the matter that is in the Universe today. That is the matter we are made of.
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- Matter became too cool to convert back into energy again. Since then the Universe has slowed its expansion and it has expanded by 1000 times to today. At 300,000 years after the Big Bang the expansion had cooled to the point that protons and electrons could combine into atoms.
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- Photons were released at 3000 Kelvin. Expanding 1000 times these photons are at a temperature of 3 Kelvin today. They have been cooled and stretched out to microwave energy and are what we see as the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation today.
- When atoms first formed they only formed into the simplest elements, hydrogen, helium and lithium. It was not until 1,000,000,000 years later that galaxies and stars formed.
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- It was when the stars died, burning up all their nuclear fuel and exploding into supernovae, that the heavier elements were formed out of the ashes. Time continues and all these elements are evolving as the expansion continues. They somehow those same atoms evolved into us.
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- The expansion and cooling will continue until the Universe reaches maximum Entropy. During this time, time is not constant. It is different for each observer in the Universe. What one observer experiences as pure time a second observer experiences a mixture of time and space.
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- Time evolves as transformations, changes, of correlations between things that can be observed in space. Time is a outcome of statistical observation of the Universe. Time emerges from the activity in the Universe the same way consciousness emerges from activity in the brain. Both are real and not illusions.
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- But, everywhere in the Universe observers are experiencing different time. If we could observe the Universe as a whole maybe it all cancels out and time does not exist at all. Maybe the arrow of time folds back on itself?
- Other Reviews available:
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(1) #854 Time, GPS, and Entropy
(2) #814 Fast Speed and Short Time
(3) #397 Deriving Time Dilation for the Pythagorean Theorem
(4) #2381 Pressed for Time
(5) #2295 Time is what God Created,
(6) #360 Time is Getting Short
(7) #2201 The beginning of time , the end of time. This Review lists many more reviews about “time”.
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- July 20, 2019. 910
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--------------------- Saturday, July 20, 2019 -------------------------
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