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--------------------- 2641 - FORCES - Control Everything?
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- ENERGY is a force acting over a distance. (E = F*d) So, to move something through space takes energy. The force of gravity has potential energy that can quickly change into kinetic energy if you step off a cliff.
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- The electric force is between electric charges. The magnetic force is between magnetic poles. But, combine these two and you get electromagnetic radiation which is light. Then you have the next two nuclear forces holding atoms and molecules together.
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- There are only four forces, or maybe three, or maybe more if new ones like Dark Energy get discovered to be a force.. Forces like energy are not continuous. They seem like it, but, at the smallest level they occur in quantums, i.e. discrete steps.
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- The force carrier for electromagnetic energy is the quantum called the “photon“. The photon carries radio, microwave, infrared, light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and Gamma Rays. The photon carries the force between electrons and protons that hold atoms together.
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- The photon is massless and can only exist when moving at 186,000 miles per second. Gravity is thought to have a quantum called the graviton, but it is yet to be discovered beyond theory. The graviton is also massless and travels at the speed of light.
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- The other two forces occur inside the nucleus of the atom. The Strong Nuclear force holds protons and neutrons together in an area of 10^-15 meters. Protons have positive charges and they should be repelling each other, but, the strength of the Strong force is 137 times stronger than the electric force so the nucleus holds together.
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- But, not always. There is the Weak Nuclear force that is 1/100,000th the strength of the Strong Nuclear Force which is enough to randomly cause radioactive decay inside the nucleus changing neutrons into protons.
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- The force carriers for the Strong force are quantums called “Gluons“. But, unlike photons that have unlimited range, the Gluons have a range of only 10^-15 meters, which is the diameter of the nucleus.
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- In the case of the Weak Nuclear force the range is even smaller, 10^-17 meters, or 0.1% the diameter of a proton. The force carriers for the Weak force are quantums called “W and Z Bosons“. Both the photon and graviton are massless. The Gluons and W and Z Bosons are very massive and that is what limits their range.
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- The difference between the photon and the graviton is the photon has a “spin” of 1 and the graviton has a spin of 2. “spin” is the angular momentum of the particle which also only occurs at quantum increments. The biggest difference is the graviton is extremely weak. The strength of the photon compared to the Strong force is 1 / 137.
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- The strength of the graviton compared to the Strong force is 1/ 6*10^39, that is 1 / 6 followed be 39 zeros. You can compare how weak the force of gravity is by picking up a paper clip with a refrigerator magnet, defying gravity of the entire Earth pulling against it.
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- The Gluon is the exchange particle that mediates the forces between the Quarks that make up the protons and neutrons inside the nucleus. There are 3 Quarks in each proton and in each neutron. The Gluon is massive, it weighs 100,000 electron volts. ( mass as weight = energy / c^2, expressed in electron volts / c^2). The range of the Gluon as a force carrier is only 10^-15 meters.
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- The electromagnetic force carried by the photon travels at the speed of light and has the range to reach the edges of the Universe. However, the strength falls off as the square of the distance it travels.
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- For example, the force between two electric, or magnetic, charges , Q1 and Q2 is proportional to the strength of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
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-------------------- Force = Constant * Q1 * Q2 / r^2
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- The Weak Nuclear force uses W and Z Bosons as the force carriers. These Bosons are exceedingly massive, 80,000,000 electron volts. Their strength is 1/100,000 the strength of the Gluons and the Strong force. Their range is even smaller, only 10^-17 meters.
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- You would not expect the Weak force to have much effect in the outside world. But, you would be surprised. This little force can change a proton into a neutron and vise versa. It is the force that cause radioactive decay in the heavy elements. This is called Beta Decay and it occurs when a neutron changes into a proton, or, actually, at the more fundamental level, when a heavier Down Quark changes into a lighter Up Quark.
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- This effect alone is responsible for the plate tectonics and volcano activity on our planet. The volcanic activity on the planet is caused by the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium deep inside the Earth.
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- The Sun too is powered by this Weak interaction that can transmute a proton into a neutron to form deuterium to create fusion inside the Sun. The Weak force becomes necessary to create all the heavier elements in the Periodic Table. “There is power in Weakness!”.
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- The masses of all these particles and force carriers are considered “Fundamental Constants” because they never change and are the same everywhere in the Universe ( as far as we know).
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------------ 6 constants are the masses for the 6 Quarks
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------------ 6 more constants for a total of 12 are the masses of the 6 Leptons. Leptons are the electron, the muon, the tau, and the 3 neutrinos.
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- These masses are expressed in kilograms, or in electron volts per the speed of light squared. The speed of light is in meters / second. All of these units are simply arbitrary and man-made.
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- Science does not like this idea of expressing Fundamental Constants in arbitrary units. Max Planck realized that since they were arbitrary he could select any units he wanted. So, he selected units that made the Fundamental Constants equal to one.
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----------- Gravity = speed of light = Planck’s constant = Boltzman’s constant = 1
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----------- G = c = h = k = 1
---------- By choosing the right values for the units of mass, length, and time, instead of kilograms, meters, and seconds, you get Planck mass, Planck length, and Planck time. And the Gravitational Constant (G), the Constant speed of light (c), the Planck’s Constant of Action (h), and the Boltzman’s Constant (k) all equal to 1. Here are the Planck units that result:
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------------ mass = 2*10^-8 kilograms
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------------ length = 2*10^-35 meters
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------------ time = 5*10^-44 seconds.
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- Besides the 12 masses of the particles there are the 4 Coupling Constants of the forces.
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------------- Strong = 1
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------------- Electromagnetic = 1 /137
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------------- Weak = 10^-6
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------------ Gravity = 10^-39
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- These Fundamental Constants are completely dependent on experiments and the units used in the measurements. They are unlike the Mathematical Constants, like pi, the natural logarithm “e”, and the Golden Ratio. These math constants can be derived.
- The force that controls the structure of the atom and molecules is 1 / 137 and is called the Fine Structure Constant. It is measured to be 1 / 137.03599... That is the number, but, nobody knows how to derive it. It just is.
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------------ Fine Structure Constant = 2*pi*e^2 / h * c
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----------- Fine Structure Constant = the electron charge squared divided by the product of Planck’s Constant of Action per wavelength and the Constant speed of light.
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-------------- Find Structure Constant = 1 / 137.03599...
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- The Electromagnetic Coupling Constant, the Strong Force Coupling Constant and the Gravitational Constant bring the total from 12 to 15 Fundamental Constants. The Weak Force Coupling Constant can be calculated from the other two so it is not included as “Fundamental”.
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- But the interaction of the W and Z Bosons with the quarks creates 4 more numbers that are Fundamental Constants. Called Cabibbo-Kobayash-Maskawa matrix math. This is math analogous to a specifying of a vector in 3 dimensions plus a spin of either clockwise or counter clockwise to get 4 numbers to specify the behavior.
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- This brings the total to 19 Constants. The neutrinos get their mass for interaction with the Higgs Boson so we get 4 more Constant numbers from the Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata matrix math. This brings the total to 23.
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- The mass of the Higgs Boson and the Constant Coupling Factor of the Higgs field get us to 25 Fundamental Constants. Science discover the Higg’s Boson in the Large Hadron Collider, the particle accelerator that just turned on in CERN, Switzerland.
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- Then, number 26 is Einstein’s Cosmological Constant that was developed in the General Theory of Relativity. This could be the Constant that is causing the expansion of the Universe, also called Dark Energy, yet to be discovered.
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- In conclusion we have 4 forces that control everything. With these we have 12 particles of matter and particles of force carriers. And, we have Constant Coupling factors between these fundamental force carriers.
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- We theorize it all started with the Big Bang which was a Constant * Temperature , (k*T), which was equal to 10^29 electron volts, which was equal to Planck’s Constant of Action / Planck’s time, (h/t).
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-------------- k * T = h / t = 10^29
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- “t” is Planck’s time which is the time it takes for light to travel across a Planck Length.
G is the Gravitational Constant. “h” is Planck’s Constant of Action per wavelength, (h/2*pi). “c” is the Constant Speed of light.
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-------- (Planck Time)^2 = G * h / c^5 = 5.4*10^-34 seconds
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----------( Planck Length)^2 = G*h/c^3 = 1.6*10^-35 meters
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--------- (Planck Time)^2 *c^2 = G * h / c^3 = 1.6*10^-35 meters
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---------- Planck Area = 2.6*10^-70 meters^2
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---------- (Planck Mass)^2 = h*c / 8^pi*G = 1.1 * 10^-8 kilograms
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- Science has got everything down to 4 forces and 26 constants but that is still not simple enough. We need more discoveries. There has got to be less to it. The theory of everything still escapes us. The more we know the more mysteries are before us.
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- February 29, 2020 1108 1109 2641
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--------------------- Saturday, February 29, 2020 --------------------
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