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--------------------- 2636 - SUPERNOVA - 2 explosions being studied?
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- Stars explode. Our Sun is a star. It will explode. Our Sun is a smaller star and its explosion is not so massive. The bigger the star the more massive the explosion.
- This explosion in Ophiuchus was five times more massive than the previous title-holder of the universe’s biggest outburst, which occurred in the galaxy cluster (MS 0735+74). But unlike the Big Bang, a near-instantaneous expansion from which the universe originated, the Ophiuchus cluster explosion was a slow burn that raged for hundreds of millions of years.
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- The eruption was caused by an “active galactic nucleus” (AGN), which is the term for the central region of a galaxy during energetic phases that are notable for their powerful flares and intense emissions of radiation. The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, for instance, is currently dormant, though it has been an AGN in the past.
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- The outburst blew out a colossal hole in the plasma surrounding the black hole, creating a “giant radio fossil” in the cluster. Scientists have observed this cavity for years, but they were puzzled about its origins due to its unprecedented scale.
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- The cavity is a very aged fossil of the most powerful AGN outburst seen in any galaxy cluster. Multi-wavelength observations were used from two space telescopes, NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton, as well as two ground radio observatories, the Murchison Widefield Array in Australia and the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope in India.
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- In particular, the radio observations helped to reveal the odd features at Ophiuchus as the work of an AGN explosion. Over the coming decades, radio telescopes are expected to become much larger and more sensitive, so this may not be the last time the record for the biggest cosmic explosion is blasted away by a new discovery.
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- Another giant burst, known as a Seyfert flare, lasted about 300,000 years and occurred relatively recently in cosmic terms. It was triggered by activity near the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, called Sagittarius A*, which is over four million times as massive as the Sun.
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- Some 3.5 million years ago, the center of our galaxy experienced a cataclysmic explosion that blasted out radiation across hundreds of thousands of light years. It is centered 200,000 light years from Earth.
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- The event reveals that the Milky Way’s core is more dynamic and energetic than expected. It must have been a bit like a lighthouse beam.
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- The exact origins of the flare are unknown, but it would have required a lot of gas to suddenly be dumped into the galactic nucleus. For instance, a giant molecular cloud may have gotten too close to Sagittarius A*, only to be consumed and spit out from both poles of the galaxy in this gigantic flare.
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- The effects of the explosion create the Magellanic Stream, a massive river of gas and dust that orbits the Milky Way at a distance of 200,000 light years. Despite how far away the stream is from the Milky Way’s core some parts of this gassy river were energized by the pyrotechnic event. Gas in the stream appears to be ionized, or stripped of electrons, signaling that the flare recently influenced it.
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- It's likely that the flare was about as bright as could be expected for a supermassive black hole [of Sagittarius A*’s mass. So if you were one of humanity’s early ancestors living at this time, what exactly would you see in the night sky?
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- Most of the optical light from the blast would be absorbed by the dust and gas surrounding the galactic nucleus. The flare might have been comparable (say, one-tenth as bright or so) to the full Moon in brightness spread over a much larger area of the sky.
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- However, if you could transport X-ray observatories back in time 3.5 million years, you would capture a much more dazzling glimpse of the flare’s brilliant jets. This is because about 10% of the flare’s total luminosity was emitted by high-energy X-rays which are much less likely to be blocked by gas and dust.
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- The flare would be extremely bright to modern X-ray telescopes, unless there was a very large amount of gas lying along our line of sight to it. We would still be able to see the effects of the flare as it ionized and heated the gas away from the plane, the fading remnants of which we still see today.
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- ---------------------------------------- Request other Reviews about our Sun, and here is a list about supernovae of other suns,(stars):
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- 455 - Supernovae - A Cosmos, Everything but Quiet. It is violent out there.
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- 476 - Gamma Rays and Cosmic Rays
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- 504 - Accelerating Universe from Unknown Force.
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- 508 - You Are Made of Star Dust
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- 510 - Supernova You Can See
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- 613 - From supernova to our Sun.Nuclear fusion will occur when a star’s central temperature reaches 10,000,000 degrees. The collisions are so rapid at that temperature that all electrons are stripped away from their nucleus. And, nuclei collide to such an extent as to overcome the repulsive electric force of their mutual positive charges. The Strong force acts over a distance of only .0000000000001 centimeters (10^-13), the width of an atom, but, it completely overpowers the electromagnetic force and the nuclei fuse together. When two protons fuse they form the nucleus of deuterium, but the mass is about 1% less than the combined mass of the two protons. This amount of mass is converted into energy according to E = mc^2 and in the form of a positron (a positive or anti-electron) and an anti-neutrino.
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- 831 - Supernova 1987A. We first saw Supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud over 20 years ago. That is the astronomers in the southern hemisphere saw it with the naked eye, beginning February 23, 1987. It is below the southern horizon for us. The Large and Small Magellan Clouds look like glowing clouds but both are irregular galaxies. Maybe they are part of our Local Group of galaxies, but recent evidence is that they are just passing by. The Large Magellan Cloud is 1/20th the size of the Milky Way Galaxy and has 1/10th as many stars. One of these stars blew up and 20 years later it is still giving astronomers new information about supernovae.
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- 929 - The youngest supernova. A supernova normally goes off in a galaxy every 50 to 100 years. However, we have not seen one in several hundred years. It could be that they are going off and they are out of sight. The last one astronomers had recorded for the Milky Way is Cassiopeia A. It went supernova 330 years ago, that would be in 1678. Today the remnant of that explosion has an expanding shockwave that is 10 lightyears in diameter. The shockwave has an average velocity of 20,300,000 miles per hour
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- 984 - The art of astronomy. Today you are seeing many amazing images of astronomical objects in newspapers, magazines, and TV. These images are called “false color images” and they are coming from new types of cameras in space and around the world. They are the new “art of astronomy
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- 1308 - Supernova is a star that exploded 400 years ago. The star was first seen in 1572 in the Constellation Cassiopeia. Cassiopeia is the upside down , lazy “w” you see in the night sky on the opposite side of the North Star from the Big Dipper. It is called Tycho’s Supernova because the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe published a book about his observations of the “new star” in 1573. The supernova appeared in early November, 1972. There have been 8 naked eye discoveries of supernovae in recorded history.
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- 1319 - RCW-86 Supernova is one of about 8 supernovae explosions witnessed by the naked eye in recorded history. The Chinese recorded this one in the year 185 A.D. They called it the “Guest Star” and it remained in the night sky for 8 months.
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- 1320 - When Supernova Sn1006 first explode in the year 1006 it was brighter than the planet Venus in the night sky. It was even visible during the day for several weeks after the explosion even though it was 7,000 lightyears away.
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- 1411 - The brightness also depends on the proportion of metals in the star. Space is full of explosions and we are just getting the technology that allows us to begin seeing them. This picture is of a supernova remnant is the debris left after a star exploded some 400 years ago. After much study it was decided that this is a beautiful example of two White Dwarf stars in a binary system that went supernova. One exploded obliterating the other. It is called a type 1a supernova when one star steals mass from another and reaches that 1.4 Solar Mass threshold that collapses atoms into the nuclei. The rebound is a supernova explosion.
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- 1566 - Supernovae are what we are made of. Gamma Ray bursts occur about once a day in the Observable Universe. When Supernova Sn1006 first explode in the year 1006 it was brighter than the planet Venus in the night sky. It was even visible during the day for several weeks after the explosion even though it was 7,000 lightyears away.
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- 1684 - What does a supernova explosion sound like? In space there is no sound. However, technology can detect electromagnetic radiation and translate it to the frequencies we can hear. What can we learn from this?
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- 1698 - How rare are we in the Universe? We are made of elements created in exploding stars. Our world has such abundance but how rare is this abundance in the Universe? For every 1 million miles of space galaxies are receding each other by 47,000 miles per hour.
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- 1699 - Betelgeuse is 640 lightyears away. It is a 20 Solar Mass Red Supergiant star that could go supernova tomorrow.
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- 1881 - Supernovae are like snowflakes. No two are alike. Yet, we try to use a special type of supernovae explosion as a “standard candle“, a known brightness that can be used to calculate distance. However, supernovae, in general, can be 100 times brighter and 100 times dimmer than the average supernovae explosion.
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- 2149 - Supernovae from blue super giant stars.
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- 2173 - How supernovae explode.
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- 2299 - You are made of stardust. A Supernova is a sun, a star, that explodes because it becomes unstable after it exhaust all of its nuclear fuel. Our Sun will not become a Supernovae because it is not big enough. A bigger star will have the gravity necessary to overcome the electromagnetic force between the electron and nucleus of atoms and when its fuel is gone it goes supernova.
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- 2300 - Supernovae you can see. If you have read 2299 - “ You Were Made from Star Dust - Supernova”, you are probably anxious to learn more about Supernova. It turns out that in the last 1000 years at least six, maybe eight supernova explosions have been seen by naked eye observers.
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- 2345 - Scientists estimate it takes 100,000,000 to 200,000,000 years for intelligent life to emerge and colonize a planet. 65,000,000 years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) period, 50% of life on Earth was extinguished. The dinosaurs did not survive. But, some half of marine invertebrates, plankton, marine reptiles did survive. 65,000,000 years later here we are and you are reading about it.
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- 2426 - LIFE - Exploding stars create life , and destroy life. Our galaxy is big and mostly empty space, but it harbors millions of blackholes that are remnants of supernovas and collapsing stars. When a giant star burns all it’s fuel, no heat remains to create the pressure withstanding the compression of gravity. The force of gravity collapses the stars mass into a singularity at the center of a blackhole. These creators of life are every where.
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- February 27, 2020 2636
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--------------------- Friday, February 28, 2020 --------------------
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