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--------------------------------- 2617 - GRAVITY - what are gravity waves?
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- The sheet is warped into a dip in which everything rolls into the center. If the big mass is moving it sends waves across the sheet of spacetime. These waves go through us all the time stretching us in the forward direction, shrinking us in the perpendicular direction, then, vice versa. Except the waves are so small, less than an atom in size, so we can not detect them.
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- Space is expanding too. But, everything expands and contracts so you can not see it. Even your instruments to measure the expansion are expanding. So nothing gets detected. Something planet size and one meter away would expand and contract only the 100,000th width of a proton.
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- So, to detect gravity waves we need really big masses and really fast motion. The best candidates would be binary, rotating Black Holes, or Neutron Stars. In addition we still need very precise measurement instruments. (See Review 915 on Light and Atom Interferometers). The best candidates are these interferometers.
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- Gravity waves are a geometric effect that travels at the speed of light. If the Sun disappeared instantly the Earth would not fly off for 8 minutes.
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- Space and time stretch. Waves on a stretchy fabric are a natural event. Indirectly, gravity waves are carrying energy away. They are carrying away energy from the mass that created them.
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- Two Neutron Stars have been studied that have very precise periods of rotation. They also have hot flashes on their surface that allows their rotation rates to be calculated. Discovered in 1970 the changes in their orbits have been precisely measured. The rotation period is decaying, The stars are getting closer together, merging. The energy calculated to cause this exactly matches the energy being carried away by gravity waves.
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- In this way gravity waves have been indirectly detected. Laser interferometers seem to be our best chance of detecting small changes in expansion, contraction. The lasers are at right angles and travel down vacuum tubes a kilometer long. If the distances stretch or shrink even an atom’s width they should be able to detect it. Two installations of lasers are located in Washington State and Louisiana. So, if both instruments detect the event at the appropriate times, together, they know they have detected a gravity wave passing through the Earth.
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- These gravity waves could be caused by far off merging Black Holes, by asymmetric explosions of massive supernovae, by rapidly rotating Black Holes.
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- LISA is a Laser Interferometer in Space Antenna. It is 3 disks in orbit connected by laser beams. Interferometers are getting bigger and more sensitive. Once done it will be a brand new way for astronomers to study the Universe. However, it is less like seeing and more like listening to the Universe.
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- The detection of the laser beat frequency is translated to a sound, so you hear the gravity wave pass by as a shriek. The eyes and ears of astronomy are on the creation. Fundamentally we are driven to learn why we are here.
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- Gravity waves come from the theory of Relativity. Einstein’s theory says that mass bends space and that it is the warped space that causes the force of gravity. Gravity waves travel through everything all the time elongating mass in one direction than in the perpendicular direction as they pass through.
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- The waves are very small because we have difficulty detecting them directly. We have detected them indirectly and there are new instruments in operation that hope to discover the waves from very massive, moving objects, like rotating Blackholes.
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- Astronomers think they have evidence of gravity waves in the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. 380,000 years after the Big Bang started the Universe had expanded and cooled enough for electrons and protons to connect and form neutral hydrogen atoms.
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- Prior to that happening the charged electrons and the charged protons prevented photons from escaping this sea of ions. But, when they were neutralized the photons escaped in all directions. They left with the expanding Universe as Gamma Rays, but, today the expansion of space has stretched the photon wavelengths that we now receive them as microwaves.
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- Gamma Rays are high energy light and they left at 3,000 degrees Kelvin. Today the re the microwave background that has cooled to 2.73 Kelvin. This corresponds to the Universe expanding by a factor of 1,000.
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- The microwaves are high frequency radio waves with wavelengths of 1 to 5 millimeters with the peak intensity at 2 millimeters. This background radiation appeared perfectly uniform in all directions within the sensitivity of our microwave receivers.
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- When we started using more sensitive radio receivers small variations could be seen in the pattern of the radiation. The variations were only one part in 100,000 in temperature. The variation detected was 2.730005 to 2.72995 Kelvin. Multiply this small variation by 1,000 and it is enough to explain the size of the galaxies and galaxy clusters we observe today.
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- The geometry of these variations across the complete background are 1 arc degree. The Full Moon is ½ arc degree in the sky. This observation for astronomers allowed them to conclude that the Universe’s expansion is geometrically “flat”.
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- It is not spherical shaped or saddle shaped but flat like a plane in its expansion geometry. Astronomers are studying the Microwave Background geometry for gravity wave variations in the uniform pattern of the temperature variations. These patterns would represent ultra long-wavelength gravitational waves stretching and squeezing the plasma as they echoed across the Universe.
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- Electromagnetic waves travel through space but when they strike an antenna their oscillating electric and magnetic fields cause electrons in the metal antenna to move back and forth. This motion of the electrons is an electric current. The radio amplifies this electric current and translates it into an audio signal through the speaker.
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- Gravitational waves travel through space stretching and squeezing space itself in oscillation. These oscillations in space create oscillations in mass that they are passing through. These slight disturbances in the mass are extremely difficult to detect.
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- For example, if two Blackholes, a billion light years away were to collide and merge the collision would send out gravity waves in all directions. However, by the time these waves reached us they would stretch and contract a mass only 10^-21 meters. The diameter of an atom is 10^-10 meters.
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- LIGO, is the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave observatory, in Livingston, Louisiana and another observatory in Hanford, Washington. These facilities are designed to detect mass disturbances of the smallest magnitude. Each facility has 4 kilometer tubes at right angles to each other.
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- Laser beams bounce off mirrors at the ends to measure the distance precisely, within a light photon’s wavelength. They can detect changes in length of 10^-19 meters. Two facilities are needed because if one detects a disturbance than the other confirms it they know the same gravity wave passed through both interferometers.
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- If astronomers could see with gravity waves like they see with light waves they could learn so much more about the Universe. Gravity waves have wavelengths that range between 1 centimeter and 10^23 kilometers. 10^23 kilometers is the present size of the Observable Universe.
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----------------------------- Other Reviews about Gravity Waves:
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- 2610 - GRAVITY WAVES - measuring the Universes? Using gravity waves and not just electromagnetic waves to study back to the beginning of time. How to explain the universe is flat and the same in every direction astronomers can look. Gravity waves could be a measuring stick
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- 2457 - GRAVITY WAVES - proving their existence? 100 years after Einstein predicted their existence the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Observatory , LIGO, detected the first gravity waves. The objects that created these waves were two blackholes orbiting each other very rapidly just before merging into a single giant blackhole. The two blackholes were 36 and 29 solar mass.
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- 1841 - The discovery of Gravity Waves and Gamma Rays. Gravity Waves first detected September, 2015. Along with them came a mysterious Gamma Ray flash.
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- 1827 - Gravity Waves Discovered! 2015 discovery, first predicted in 1915. Gravity Waves are observed 100years later. General Relativity predicted much more, including the expanding Universe, Blackholes, bending light waves, slower clocks, and even stopping time altogether.
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- 1776 - Gravity Waves - What cause them and how are do we intend to detect them. Computer simulations using General Relativity are modeling our investigation.
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- 1754 - How gravity affects the Earth and the Moon, the galaxies and Blackholes.
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- 1751 - All bodies accelerate the same in a gravitational field regardless of mass or composition.
- 1728 - The Universe diameter is 2*10^44 lightyears. But, the Observable Universe is only 27*10^9 lightyears and the light has been traveling for 13.4*10^9 years.
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- 1686 - Measuring the Size of the Universe? Astronomers use the fact that a light gets dimmer the further away it is. There are a lot of uncertainties with the results of this calculation. New measuring tricks may be developed soon using Baryon Waves and Gravity Waves for a better yardstick to measure the size of the Universe.
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- 1536 - Gravity Probe B - Earth’s angular momentum circling the Sun is 10,000,000 times greater that the angular momentum of Earth’s spinning in its axis.
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- 1534 - Gravity lensing. The math involved.
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- 1482 - Enormous Gamma Ray bubbles and jets are shooting our form oru galaxy’s Blackhole
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- 1470 - Loop quantum gravity. Are there atoms of space-time?
- 1456 - Our Moon is 1/4th the size of the Earth but only weighs 1% as much.
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- 1419, 1404, 1199 on Gravitational lens
- 1399 Earth’s gravity warps space-time
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- 1323 - What we see in our Universe is extremely limited. Today we have a satellite in orbit that can detect Gamma Rays.
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- 1307 The Gravity of the Details. What are the causes of small errors in our calculations using the equations for gravity? , Review 2174 Gravity - What is it Really?
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- 2617 - What are Gravity Waves? , Review 2610 Measuring the Universe using Gravity Waves. - Review 2617 - Gravity Waves - mass in motion creates them. Gravity waves are a geometric effect that travels at the speed of light. Gravity waves are carrying away energy.
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- 1052 - If a particle has zero mass than it can only and always travel at the speed of light. Photons do not experience time. For a photon everything happens at once.
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- 2617 - Mass in motion creates Gravity Waves. Something planet size and one meter away wound expand and contract only the 100,000th width of a proton.
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- 816 - Why Gravity is so small. If the Electromagnetic Force is 1.00, then gravity force is 10^-36. That is 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001
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- 711 - Gamma Ray Bursts. The Blackhole remains at the center of the star and all the explosion that occurs takes place outside the Event Horizon.
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- 588 - Gravity Probe B. The experiment to prove the frame dragging effect of a rotating mass, like the Earth.-
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- 43 - Studying gravity waves will allow us to peer far back into the beginning of space-time, to the birth of the Universe.
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- February 12, 2020 1155 917 2617
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