–
- 4005
- UNIVERSE - born in steps? The Universe is Born in Billion Year Steps? This review summarizes what science thinks
is the way the Universe evolved after its birth 13,750,000,000 years ago.
– -
-------------- 4005 - UNIVERSE - born in steps?
- The most astounding part is that what we
know is only a very small percentage of what is out there. The mass-energy of the Universe is huge. We are made of heavy elements that are like
0.03% of it. And, we have been recycled
several times. If you do not know the
answer it must be science.
-
- The
Hubble Ultra Deep Field image was obtained staring at one spot in the sky for
months. The image gathered after that
long exposure contained over 10,000 galaxies.
The area in the sky was 1/100 the size of the Full Moon. If you scale that up to the full sky there
are at least 200,000,000,000 galaxies out there within the range of the Hubble
Space Telescope if we pointed it in every direction.
-
-
However, 96% of the total mass-energy of the Universe is not made of
galaxies. Only 4% of the entire Cosmos is what we know as “normal matter”, or baryons.
Baryons are atoms that are made up of protons, neutrons and
electrons. One conclusion you could make
from this proportion is that galaxy formation is very inefficient.
-
------------------------ 70% is Dark Energy, we do not know what that
is.
-
------------------------ 25% is Dark Matter, we do not know what that
is either.
-
------------------------ 4% is
neutrons and protons, mostly hydrogen and helium
-
------------------------ 1 % is the stars and galaxies.
-
------------------------ 0.3% is neutrinos.
-
------------------------ 0.005 % is radiation of all types except Dark
Energy.
-
------------------------- 0.03 % is the heavy elements, oxygen, carbon,
neon, iron, the stuff we are made of and everything around us is made of.
-
- This
is humbling. The more we learn about the
Universe the more mysterious it becomes.
-
- Most
of our conclusions have come from study of the Cosmic Microwave Background
radiation. This mostly uniform
radiation that is all around us has small variations in temperature that
reflect the matter density that existed before the galaxies first formed.
-
-
Another source of knowledge comes from study of nuclear fusion. How the first elements were formed in the Big
Bang. The proportions of helium,
deuterium and lithium give the same answers as the Cosmic Microwave
Background. This was the matter that formed
in the first few minutes of the Universe and the radiation that was released
after 380,000 years.
-
–
Most of
the galaxies we see today began forming 9,000,000,000 years ago. The clusters
of galaxies are just the high-density nodes of the Cosmic web of Dark Matter.
–
–
The initial distribution of matter in the
early Universe grew in density due to gravity gradually forming a more massive
system. The gas clouds of hydrogen and
helium would loose energy and cool because they radiated light. The clouds would fall into the centers of
these Dark Matter systems and begin to form stars.
-
-
8,000,000,000 years ago the birth rate of stars was 10 to 20 times
higher than what we see today. Galaxies
grew with these massive halos of Dark Matter.
The gas within galaxies cooled and collapsed into clouds that allowed
molecular hydrogen to form Under the
continuous compression of gravity these clouds eventually reached a density
needed to start nuclear fusion and form stars.
It is the radiation of the nuclear fusion that counteracted the
compression of gravity. This balance
between the two forces is what holds stars together.
-
–
- Bigger galaxies grew from the collisions
and mergers of smaller galaxies. However, today galaxies exist in a limited
range of masses. There must be a counter
acting force that stops the compression of gravity that works in galaxies as
well as it works in stars.
–
-
–
- One such force might be the stellar winds
from supernovae explosions. Another
might come from the energy created by massive Blackholes that are in the
centers of most large galaxies.
-
–
- Most of the baryonic normal matter in the
Universe is gaseous and not galactic. Most of this gas exists in the form of
the intergalactic medium that has escaped the galaxies or has yet to form
galaxies. In another 5,000,000,000
years our Solar System will join the
interstellar medium.
–
-
–
- Our Sun will balloon into a Planetary
Nebulae as its hydrogen fuel runs out.
The inner planets will evaporate into the heavy elements and join the
interstellar medium. The baryons of
matter repeat these cycles over and over again.
-
- The
material that make up our lives and our daily lives came from recycled
elements. From stars forming and dying
in galactic disks. The calcium in your
fingernail may have come from a supernova explosion that occurred
12,000,000,000 years ago. That calcium
atom is still working fine as old as it is.
-
- It was
Isaac Newton, one of the most brilliant humans to occupy the planet, who said,
I am but a seashore scavenger, roaming the beach picking up shells of knowledge
here and there when there is a whole ocean of knowledge unknown that lies in front of me.
-
- If you
do not know the answer it must be science.
An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
-
May 15, 2023 UNIVERSE -
born in steps? 1275 4005
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to
whomever is interested. ---
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email feedback, corrections, request for
copies or Index of all reviews
--- to:
------
jamesdetrick@comcast.net
------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
--------------------- --- Monday, May 15, 2023
---------------------------------
-
No comments:
Post a Comment