Monday, June 12, 2023


            -  4000  -   Index of Reviews 4001 to 4050

            -     This index is of the 50 reviews from 4000  to 4050.  Indices of all previous reviews is available upon request.      Writing style is stochatto with each paragraph an idea and limited to a few pages in total.  Comments are always welcome.  See https:://jimdetrick@blogspot.net

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            ------------------  3951-  Index of Reviews 4001 to 4050

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            -    4001  -  STAR  -  devouring a planet?  The star devouring a planet 12,000 light-years away may presage what happens to Earth about 4 billion years from now.

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            -     4002  -  MAGNETARS  -   The Brightest Flash in our history.   December 27, 2005, the brightest flash of light in our history passed by Earth.  It originated over 50,000 years ago when, here on Earth, only 50 northern Europeans survived the ice age on Earth from which all Europeans are descendents.

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            -    4003  -   NATURAL  DISASTERS  -  how bad can it get?      Over the past decade, global natural disasters have accounted for 0.1% of total deaths. While the number of deaths from natural disasters has declined over the past century, these events continue to cause significant amounts of loss and damage.

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            -     4004  -  COSMIC  DARK  AGES  -  beginning of the universe?  A gas cloud 13 billion light-years away may be the resting place of some of the earliest stars in the universe.  Coud this be the Cosmic Dark Ages?

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            -    4005  - UNIVERSE  -   born in steps?  The Universe is Born in Billion Year Steps?   This review summarizes what science thinks is the way the Universe evolved after its birth 13,750,000,000 years ago.

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            -    4006  -   GALACTIC  DISTANCES  -  how do we measure them? Measuring distances in astronomy is a very difficult process.  Many of the prior reviews have covered specific methods in some detail.  In this review I have put several methods all together to step by step reach galaxies at the edge of the Universe.

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            -    4007  -   DISCRETE  MATH  -   math tricks!    You all work with numbers, here are some tricks to teach your kids.   Everyone has a struggle learning their multiplication tables, and remembering them.  I especially have problems remembering the multiples of nine.

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            -    4008  -    STRING  THEORY  MATH  -  Need 8-Dimensional?   This review discusses how math was invented to solve problems encountered in nature.  3 dimensions in space and 1 dimension in time is familiar.  But, in fundamental particle physics math is used with 8 dimensional numbers. Maybe 10 dimensions explains reality?  That is what String Theory is exploring.

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            -    4009  - COMPOUND  INTEREST -  most important math you will ever learn.    It not only affects you personally it tells you how to understand the world.

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            -    4010  -   STRING  THEORY  -  to explain gravity?   Physicists have discovered a strange structure in space-time that to an outside observer would look exactly like a black hole, but upon closer inspection it would be defects in the very fabric of the universe.

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            -    4011  -  BRIGHTEST  SUPERNOVA  -  lasting 3 years.  Astronomers have witnessed the largest explosion in space.   The explosive event labeled AT2021lwx was observed to be ten times brighter than any known supernova, the explosions that occur as massive stars die.  Supernova explosions only last a few months, this explosive event has been raging for at least three years.

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            -    4012  -    ASTEROIDS  -  and exoplanets?    Astronomers have discovered over 4,500 planets orbiting other suns to date.  Most that have been studied so far turn out to be very unfriendly worlds, nothing like our Mother Earth.

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            -     4013  -  WATER  -  Why is it so importsant?

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            -     4014  -   EARTH  -  is doomed?    It is just a matter of time.   The Sun is burning fuel.  It will eventually run out.  Just like the fossil fuels on Earth, there is a finite amount.  And, when it is gone, it’s gone.  In the case of the Sun, we will also need an alternative.  What a challenge!

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            -    4015  -  MAGNETARS  -  lethal neutron stars?   Astronomers need to learn as much as possible about these Magnetars.  They come from a nearly invisible Neutron Star 12 miles in diameter.  But, they would be extremely lethal to an astronaut if he or she were caught in a Gamma Ray Burst.  Within 2,000 miles the Neutron Star would be too small to see but its magnetic field would turn every atom in your body into a long needle formation.  An extremely lethal situation in a fraction of a second.

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            -      4016  -   ASTRONOMY   SIZE?   -    How Do Astronomers Determine the Size of Things?

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            -    4017  -  MEASUREMENTS  -  mass and spacetime?  Fundamental measurements boil down to mass and space and time.  It is amazing how many observations get measured in kilograms for mass, meters for distance, length, or space, and seconds for time.

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            -     4018   -    QUANTUM  MECHANICS  - when it becomes biology?   Biology has always been the study of molecules, proteins, and DNA.  Quantum Mechanics is the study of electrons, protons, muons, and quarks. Quantum Mechanics studies such small particles that they can not be distinguished from waves of energy. At the Quantum Mechanic dimensions everything has a wave-particle duality.

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            -     4019  -  ENTANGLEMENT  -  defies reason?    Is the Universe Entangled in Property Pairs that Defy Reason? We have learned that atomic properties come in pairs that are mysteriously linked.  If you can gain information about one property you automatically can know less about the other property.  These properties have wave distributions that can be linked across great distances. 

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            -    4020  -  BLACKHOLES  -  monstors or creators?   Blackholes are those monster gravity sink holes in outer space that swallow everything that comes near them and devours them forever, or ?????

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            -     4021  -  STARS  HAVE  NAMES?  -    This is a quiz.  Can you name these 10 stars and their constellations?

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            -    4022  -  BLACKHOLES  -  are they spacetime defects?     Black holes might be defects in spacetime.   Physicists have discovered a strange structure in space-time that to an outside observer would look exactly like a black hole, but upon closer inspection would be anything but: they could be defects in the very fabric of the universe.

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            -    4023  -  GRAVITY  WAVES  -  and String Theory?     Blackholes are exotic objects serve as important test studies. If the researchers can discover an important observational difference between “topological solitons” and traditional black holes, this might pave the way to finding a way to test string theory itself.

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            -    4024  -  BLACKHOLES -  are quasars?  The extreme environments of black holes are perfect to test physics to its limit.  Blazers are extreme quasars!

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            -    4025  -  BIG  BANG  -  how hot was it?  The temperature of the Universe is inversely proportional to its size.  As the Universe expands the temperature decrease.  Today it has expanded and cooled to a temperature of 2.725 degrees Kelvin.  That is 2.725 degrees above Absolute Zero.

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            -    4026 -  UNIVERSE  -   by the Numbers.   Astronomers do not know why the constants in nature, the constants in the universe, are the numbers that they are.  But, they do know that if they were just a few percentage points different than what they are, the Universe would not exist as we know it.  The numbers are what they are or we would not be here to think about it.

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            -     4027  -  JAMES WEBB  -  telescope discoveries May, 2023?   James Webb telescope just discovered the impossible'.  These giant baby galaxies are shaking up our understanding of the early universe.

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            -    4028  -  UNDERGROUND  LIFE  -  same on other planets?      Water trapped below Earth's surface for billions of years could hold keys to unlocking the secrets of extraterrestrial life.  It may be where we came from?

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            -    4029  -   UNIVERSE  EXPANDING  - how did it start?   If you could somehow manage to step outside of the universe, what would it look like? Scientists have struggled with this question, taking several different measurements in order to determine the geometry of the unierse and whether or not it will come to an end.

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            -    4030  -  UNIVERSE  -  the shape of the Universe?  -    If you could somehow manage to step outside of the universe, what would it look like? Scientists have struggled with this question, taking several different measurements in order to determine the geometry of the cosmos and whether or not it will come to an end. How do they measure the shape of the universe? And what have they found?

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            -    4031  -   LARGEST  GALAXY?    A new image from the Hubble Space Telescope gazes into the lair of a monstrous cluster of galaxies located nine billion light-years away in the constellation Draco.

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            -    4032  -  GAMMA  RAY  BURSTS  -  deep space phenomena?  -    As gravitational and gamma-ray facilities both improve their reach, a new chapter of the GRB story will open.  What will completely revolutionize our understanding of GRBs will be the ability to track them back to when the universe was most intensely forming stars, around 10 billion years ago.

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            -    4033  -  X-RAYS  -  to see atoms?    Scientists have taken the world’s first X-ray SIGNAL (or SIGNATURE) of just one atom. This groundbreaking achievement was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences and could revolutionize the way scientists detect the materials.

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            -    4034  -  THE  INFINITE  UNIVERSE ?  -  The Infinite Universe.  How big can it get? How dense is it now?

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            -     4035  -  SUN  -  cycles and changes?     Cycles also play key roles in Earth’s short-term weather and long-term climate. A century ago, Serbian scientist Milutin Milankovitch hypothesized the long-term, collective effects of changes in Earth’s position relative to the Sun are a strong driver of Earth’s long-term climate, and are responsible for triggering the beginning and end of glaciation periods (Ice Ages).

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                4036  -  EINSTEIN'S  THEORIES -  energy that moves?   In 1905, Einstein's most famous equation, E = mc², put forth the mathematical formula relating energy to the amount of rest mass inherent to an object. Over time, the equation came to describe particle-antiparticle creation and annihilation, the energy released from nuclear fusion and fission reactions, and much more.

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            -    4037  -  GRAVITY  TIDAL  FORCES  -    Gravity is nature’s weakest force.  There are 4 forces in Nature and it is 10^-38 times weaker than the other nuclear forces.  It feels pretty strong on you but remember you are interacting with a mass of 6.6 million trillion kilotons, 6.6^10^18 tons.

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            -    4038  -  FARTHEST  GALAXY  -  earliest galaxy?   Determining the types of galaxies that dominated that era, the Epoch of  Reionization , is a major goal in astronomy today, but until the development of the James Webb telescope, scientists lacked the sensitive infrared instruments required to study the first generation of galaxies.

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            -    4039  -   EARLIEST  GALAXIES  -  what were they made of? -    The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has captured a stunning image of a distant barred spiral galaxy as astronomers aim to study star birth in the deeper regions of space.  JWST observed the galaxy NGC 5068, located 17 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo.

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            -    4040  -   GRAVITATIONAL  LENSING  - to measure mass?     Astronomers are using gravitational lensing to measure mass of a quasar's galaxy.  Just as the thickness of a magnefying glass can focus light to magnify a distant object a “concentration of gravity” in a galaxy can focus light coming from a more distant galaxy.

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            -    4041  -  UNIVERSE  -  how did it begin?     The Observable part of the Universe is inhabited by 100,000,000,000 galaxies.  Each of these galaxies contains on average 100,000,000,000 stars and each of these galaxies contains 100,000,000,000 planets.  All, as best we can estimate.

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                4042  -   LOOP  QUANTUM  GRAVITY  -  new physics theories.  When the ancient philosophers first proposed atoms to explain the composition of matter 25 centuries elapsed before atoms were experimentally established to exist.  Space-time atoms may be discovered in a few decades from now. 

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            -    4043  -   EARLIEST  GALAXIES  -  Webbs latest discovies?    James Webb Space Telescope finds the faintest galaxy ever detected at the dawn of the universe.  These are the faintest galaxy ever seen, burning away the pitch-black gloom of the early universe 13 billion years ago.  This ancient, nearly invisible star cluster is so remote that its light is the faintest scientists have ever detected.

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                4044  -  EARTH  -   geology is physical history?  -   Geology is the physical history because there is a lot of knowledge in rocks if you know how to read them.

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            -    4045  -     EXPANDING  UNIVERESE  -  god only knows this? For the giant void to exist under  observations the giant void would have to be nearly spherical and our galaxy would have to be nearly in the center.  The void would have to be larger than we could detect and the Universe’s inhomogeneity would have to exist beyond our detection. And, it is expanding.

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            -     4046  -     SUPERCONDUCTIVITY  -  when electricity is free?  Will superconductivity happen at room temperatures?   Superconductivity could bring us near free electricity, levitated train travel, MRIs in every doctors office and who knows what else.  The challenge is getting superconductivity to work at high enough temperatures that it can be commercially produced.

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            -    4047  -    HR  DIAGRAM  -  plots the color of stars.  One of the most famous diagrams and most useful in astronomy is the Hertzsprung -Russell Diagram.  ( HR Diagram ).  It was created from a simple idea.  Plot the characteristics of stars in brightness versus their color.  Brightness is a measure of luminosity, or intensity of radiation.  Color is the surface temperature of the star.

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            -    4049  -  QUANTUM  TEMPERATURES?    What Happens When You Cool an Atom? Getting to the very small enters the Quantum World where physics takes on strange behavior.  But, also, getting to the very cold enters the same unusual world of Quantum Mechanics.  Today science is exploring more of this world near temperatures of Absolute Zero,  (-273 degrees Centigrade).

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            -     4050  -   ELEMENTS  -  Periodic Table of chemistry?      There are 92 natural elements. These are those elements listed in the Periodic Table for Chemistry.  We know the heavier elements above hydrogen ( 1 proton) and helium ( 2 protons) are produced in the explosions of stars, called supernovae.  Hydrogen and helium were produced in the Big Bang

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            May 14, 2023        Index of Reviews 3951 to 3999    4050                                                                                                                          

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            ---  to:  ------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------

            --------------------- ---  Monday, June 12, 2023  ---------------------------

 

 

           

 

 

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