- 4000
- Index of Reviews 4001 to 4050
- This index is of the 50 reviews from
4000 to 4050. Indices of all previous reviews is available
upon request. Writing style is
stochatto with each paragraph an idea and limited to a few pages in total. Comments are always welcome. See https:://jimdetrick@blogspot.net
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------------------ 3951-
Index of Reviews 4001 to 4050
-
- 4001
- STAR -
devouring a planet? The star
devouring a planet 12,000 light-years away may presage what happens to Earth
about 4 billion years from now.
-
- 4002
- MAGNETARS - The
Brightest Flash in our history.
December 27, 2005, the brightest flash of light in our history passed by
Earth. It originated over 50,000 years
ago when, here on Earth, only 50 northern Europeans survived the ice age on
Earth from which all Europeans are descendents.
-
- 4003
- NATURAL DISASTERS
- how bad can it get? Over the past decade, global natural
disasters have accounted for 0.1% of total deaths. While the number of deaths
from natural disasters has declined over the past century, these events
continue to cause significant amounts of loss and damage.
-
- 4004
- COSMIC DARK
AGES - beginning of the universe? A gas cloud 13 billion light-years away may
be the resting place of some of the earliest stars in the universe. Coud this be the Cosmic Dark Ages?
-
- 4005
- UNIVERSE - born in steps? The Universe is Born in Billion Year
Steps? This review summarizes what
science thinks is the way the Universe evolved after its birth 13,750,000,000
years ago.
-
- 4006
- GALACTIC DISTANCES
- how do we measure them?
Measuring distances in astronomy is a very difficult process. Many of the prior reviews have covered
specific methods in some detail. In this
review I have put several methods all together to step by step reach galaxies
at the edge of the Universe.
-
- 4007
- DISCRETE MATH
- math tricks! You all work with numbers, here are some
tricks to teach your kids. Everyone has
a struggle learning their multiplication tables, and remembering them. I especially have problems remembering the
multiples of nine.
-
- 4008
- STRING THEORY
MATH - Need 8-Dimensional? This review discusses how math was invented
to solve problems encountered in nature.
3 dimensions in space and 1 dimension in time is familiar. But, in fundamental particle physics math is
used with 8 dimensional numbers. Maybe 10 dimensions explains reality? That is what String Theory is exploring.
-
- 4009
- COMPOUND INTEREST - most important math you will ever learn. It not only affects you personally it tells
you how to understand the world.
-
- 4010
- STRING THEORY
- to explain gravity? Physicists have discovered a strange
structure in space-time that to an outside observer would look exactly like a
black hole, but upon closer inspection it would be defects in the very fabric
of the universe.
-
- 4011
- BRIGHTEST SUPERNOVA
- lasting 3 years. Astronomers have witnessed the largest
explosion in space. The explosive event
labeled AT2021lwx was observed to be ten times brighter than any known
supernova, the explosions that occur as massive stars die. Supernova explosions only last a few months,
this explosive event has been raging for at least three years.
-
- 4012
- ASTEROIDS - and
exoplanets? Astronomers have
discovered over 4,500 planets orbiting other suns to date. Most that have been studied so far turn out
to be very unfriendly worlds, nothing like our Mother Earth.
-
- 4013
- WATER - Why
is it so importsant?
-
- 4014
- EARTH - is
doomed? It is just a matter of
time. The Sun is burning fuel. It will eventually run out. Just like the fossil fuels on Earth, there is
a finite amount. And, when it is gone,
it’s gone. In the case of the Sun, we
will also need an alternative. What a
challenge!
-
- 4015
- MAGNETARS -
lethal neutron stars?
Astronomers need to learn as much as possible about these
Magnetars. They come from a nearly
invisible Neutron Star 12 miles in diameter.
But, they would be extremely lethal to an astronaut if he or she were
caught in a Gamma Ray Burst. Within
2,000 miles the Neutron Star would be too small to see but its magnetic field
would turn every atom in your body into a long needle formation. An extremely lethal situation in a fraction
of a second.
-
- 4016
- ASTRONOMY SIZE?
- How Do Astronomers Determine
the Size of Things?
-
- 4017
- MEASUREMENTS - mass
and spacetime? Fundamental measurements boil down to mass
and space and time. It is amazing how
many observations get measured in kilograms for mass, meters for distance,
length, or space, and seconds for time.
-
- 4018
- QUANTUM
MECHANICS - when it
becomes biology? Biology has always
been the study of molecules, proteins, and DNA.
Quantum Mechanics is the study of electrons, protons, muons, and quarks.
Quantum Mechanics studies such small particles that they can not be
distinguished from waves of energy. At the Quantum Mechanic dimensions
everything has a wave-particle duality.
-
- 4019
- ENTANGLEMENT -
defies reason? Is the Universe
Entangled in Property Pairs that Defy Reason? We have learned that atomic
properties come in pairs that are mysteriously linked. If you can gain information about one
property you automatically can know less about the other property. These properties have wave distributions that
can be linked across great distances.
-
- 4020 -
BLACKHOLES - monstors or creators? Blackholes are those monster gravity sink
holes in outer space that swallow everything that comes near them and devours
them forever, or ?????
-
- 4021 - STARS
HAVE NAMES? -
This is a quiz. Can you name
these 10 stars and their constellations?
-
- 4022
- BLACKHOLES - are
they spacetime defects? Black holes
might be defects in spacetime.
Physicists have discovered a strange structure in space-time that to an
outside observer would look exactly like a black hole, but upon closer
inspection would be anything but: they could be defects in the very fabric of
the universe.
-
- 4023 - GRAVITY
WAVES - and String Theory? Blackholes are exotic objects serve as
important test studies. If the researchers can discover an important
observational difference between “topological solitons” and traditional black
holes, this might pave the way to finding a way to test string theory itself.
-
- 4024
- BLACKHOLES - are quasars?
The extreme environments of black holes are perfect to test physics to
its limit. Blazers are extreme quasars!
-
- 4025
- BIG BANG
- how hot was it? The temperature of the Universe is inversely
proportional to its size. As the
Universe expands the temperature decrease.
Today it has expanded and cooled to a temperature of 2.725 degrees
Kelvin. That is 2.725 degrees above
Absolute Zero.
-
- 4026 -
UNIVERSE - by the Numbers. Astronomers do not know why the constants in
nature, the constants in the universe, are the numbers that they are. But, they do know that if they were just a
few percentage points different than what they are, the Universe would not
exist as we know it. The numbers are
what they are or we would not be here to think about it.
-
- 4027 - JAMES WEBB
- telescope discoveries May,
2023? James Webb telescope just discovered
the impossible'. These giant baby
galaxies are shaking up our understanding of the early universe.
-
- 4028
- UNDERGROUND LIFE - same on other planets? Water trapped below Earth's surface for
billions of years could hold keys to unlocking the secrets of extraterrestrial
life. It may be where we came from?
-
- 4029
- UNIVERSE EXPANDING
- how did it start? If you could
somehow manage to step outside of the universe, what would it look like?
Scientists have struggled with this question, taking several different
measurements in order to determine the geometry of the unierse and whether or
not it will come to an end.
-
- 4030
- UNIVERSE - the
shape of the Universe? - If you could somehow manage to step outside
of the universe, what would it look like? Scientists have struggled with this
question, taking several different measurements in order to determine the
geometry of the cosmos and whether or not it will come to an end. How do they
measure the shape of the universe? And what have they found?
-
- 4031
- LARGEST GALAXY?
A new image from the Hubble Space Telescope gazes into the lair of a
monstrous cluster of galaxies located nine billion light-years away in the
constellation Draco.
-
- 4032
- GAMMA RAY
BURSTS - deep space phenomena? - As
gravitational and gamma-ray facilities both improve their reach, a new chapter
of the GRB story will open. What will
completely revolutionize our understanding of GRBs will be the ability to track
them back to when the universe was most intensely forming stars, around 10
billion years ago.
-
- 4033
- X-RAYS - to
see atoms? Scientists have taken the
world’s first X-ray SIGNAL (or SIGNATURE) of just one atom. This groundbreaking
achievement was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy
Sciences and could revolutionize the way scientists detect the materials.
-
- 4034
- THE INFINITE
UNIVERSE ? - The Infinite Universe. How big can it get? How dense is it now?
-
- 4035 - SUN
- cycles and changes? Cycles also play key roles in Earth’s
short-term weather and long-term climate. A century ago, Serbian scientist
Milutin Milankovitch hypothesized the long-term, collective effects of changes
in Earth’s position relative to the Sun are a strong driver of Earth’s
long-term climate, and are responsible for triggering the beginning and end of
glaciation periods (Ice Ages).
-
4036 - EINSTEIN'S
THEORIES - energy that
moves? In 1905, Einstein's most famous
equation, E = mc², put forth the mathematical formula relating energy to the
amount of rest mass inherent to an object. Over time, the equation came to
describe particle-antiparticle creation and annihilation, the energy released
from nuclear fusion and fission reactions, and much more.
-
- 4037 - GRAVITY
TIDAL FORCES - Gravity is nature’s weakest force. There are 4 forces in Nature and it is 10^-38
times weaker than the other nuclear forces.
It feels pretty strong on you but remember you are interacting with a
mass of 6.6 million trillion kilotons, 6.6^10^18 tons.
-
- 4038
- FARTHEST GALAXY
- earliest galaxy? Determining the types of galaxies that
dominated that era, the Epoch of
Reionization , is a major goal in astronomy today, but until the
development of the James Webb telescope, scientists lacked the sensitive
infrared instruments required to study the first generation of galaxies.
-
- 4039
- EARLIEST GALAXIES
- what were they made of? - The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has
captured a stunning image of a distant barred spiral galaxy as astronomers aim
to study star birth in the deeper regions of space. JWST observed the galaxy NGC 5068, located 17
million light-years away in the constellation Virgo.
-
- 4040
- GRAVITATIONAL LENSING
- to measure mass? Astronomers
are using gravitational lensing to measure mass of a quasar's galaxy. Just as the thickness of a magnefying glass
can focus light to magnify a distant object a “concentration of gravity” in a
galaxy can focus light coming from a more distant galaxy.
-
- 4041
- UNIVERSE - how
did it begin? The Observable part of
the Universe is inhabited by 100,000,000,000 galaxies. Each of these galaxies contains on average
100,000,000,000 stars and each of these galaxies contains 100,000,000,000
planets. All, as best we can estimate.
-
4042 - LOOP
QUANTUM GRAVITY - new
physics theories. When the ancient
philosophers first proposed atoms to explain the composition of matter 25
centuries elapsed before atoms were experimentally established to exist. Space-time atoms may be discovered in a few
decades from now.
-
- 4043
- EARLIEST GALAXIES
- Webbs latest discovies? James Webb Space Telescope finds the
faintest galaxy ever detected at the dawn of the universe. These are the faintest galaxy ever seen,
burning away the pitch-black gloom of the early universe 13 billion years
ago. This ancient, nearly invisible star
cluster is so remote that its light is the faintest scientists have ever
detected.
-
4044
- EARTH -
geology is physical history?
- Geology is the physical
history because there is a lot of knowledge in rocks if you know how to read
them.
-
- 4045
- EXPANDING UNIVERESE
- god only knows this? For the
giant void to exist under observations
the giant void would have to be nearly spherical and our galaxy would have to
be nearly in the center. The void would
have to be larger than we could detect and the Universe’s inhomogeneity would
have to exist beyond our detection. And, it is expanding.
-
- 4046
- SUPERCONDUCTIVITY - when
electricity is free? Will
superconductivity happen at room temperatures?
Superconductivity could bring us near free electricity, levitated train travel,
MRIs in every doctors office and who knows what else. The challenge is getting superconductivity to
work at high enough temperatures that it can be commercially produced.
-
- 4047
- HR DIAGRAM
- plots the color of stars. One of the most famous diagrams and most
useful in astronomy is the Hertzsprung -Russell Diagram. ( HR Diagram ). It was created from a simple idea. Plot the characteristics of stars in
brightness versus their color.
Brightness is a measure of luminosity, or intensity of radiation. Color is the surface temperature of the star.
-
- 4049
- QUANTUM TEMPERATURES? What Happens When You Cool an Atom? Getting
to the very small enters the Quantum World where physics takes on strange
behavior. But, also, getting to the very
cold enters the same unusual world of Quantum Mechanics. Today science is exploring more of this world
near temperatures of Absolute Zero,
(-273 degrees Centigrade).
-
- 4050
- ELEMENTS -
Periodic Table of chemistry?
There are 92 natural elements. These are those elements listed in the
Periodic Table for Chemistry. We know
the heavier elements above hydrogen ( 1 proton) and helium ( 2 protons) are
produced in the explosions of stars, called supernovae. Hydrogen and helium were produced in the Big
Bang
-
-
May 14, 2023 Index of Reviews 3951 to 3999 4050
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---------------------
--- Monday, June 12, 2023
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