- 4045 - EXPANDING UNIVERESE - god only knows this? For the giant void to exist under observations the giant void would have to be nearly spherical and our galaxy would have to be nearly in the center. The void would have to be larger than we could detect and the Universe’s inhomogeneity would have to exist beyond our detection. And, it is expanding
------------------
------------
4045 - EXPANDING UNIVERESE
- god only knows this?
-
- In 1902 Hendirk Lorentz invented the equation
for how mass would have to increase with velocity in order to keep the speed of
light a constant, 300,000,000 meters / second.
-
------------- Mass moving
= mass / (1-v^2/c^2)^1/2
-
-------------- where “v” is velocity and “c” is the speed of
light.
-
- In1905 Einstein used Isaac Newton’s Binominal
Theorem to expand the Lorentz Factor into a mathematical series. ( See
Review # 1078 “ My Favorite Equations”).
------------------- Mass moving = mass
* (1-v^2/c^2)^-1/2
--------- E=mc^2 is a simplification of the Energy
formula. It only applies to a mass at rest.
If a mass is in motion you need to include Kinetic Energy as part of
total energy. Normally the velocities
are so slow relative to the speed of light the kinetic energy of mass in motion
can be ignored.
-
- The energy of rest mass totally overwhelms
it. However, as the velocity increase
and approaches the speed of light the Kinetic Energy becomes a significant
factor in the total Mass-Energy formula. At the speed of light Kinetic Energy
becomes half as great as Rest Energy.
-
----------------------- The binomial expansion of the mass in motion
becomes:
-
---------- Mass moving
= mass ( 1 + 1/2 (v/c)^2 + 3/8
(v/c)^4 + ........................
-
-------- E = mc^2 with moving mass becomes:
-
-------- E
= mc^2 ( 1 + v^2/2c^2 + 3v^4/8c^4 +
.......................).
-
-------- E
= mc^2 + 1/2mv^2
+ 3 /8mv^4/c^2 +
5/16mv^6/c^4 + 7/32 mv^8/c^6
+ 9/64mv^10/c^8 ....................... mvc.
-
----------- where:
1/2mv^2 is the formula for Kinetic Energy.
-
------------------------------ Substituting in the values for the constants:
-
E =
90,000,000,000,000,000m + 1/2 mv^2
+
0.375mv^4/90,000,000,000,000,000
+ ................. You can see the rest mass energy is overwhelming
unless velocity approaches the speed of light.
As velocity approaches the speed of light energy approaches infinity.
-
- Space-time symmetry requires the Conservation
of Energy. Total Energy as a function of
momentum requires the square root be taken for this formula for total Energy.
When you take a square root you always get two answers, positive and negative,
because the square of a negative number is a positive number.
-
----------- E^2 =
p^2c^2 + m^2c^4
-
----------- When you take the square root of this
equations
-
------------ There are two answers to this equation:
-
----------- E^2 =
(pc-mc^2) * (pc+mc^2)
-
- If energy were negative, energy would
decrease as momentum would increase.
This is not intuitive, so, E = pc - mc^2 is usually ignored.
-
- But, what if there were negative energy?
-
- What if the vacuum of space were filled
with negative energy particles?
-
- We know that anti-matter exists. Why not anti-energy? Energy and matter are the - same thing in different amounts. Anti-matter is just like ordinary matter
except it has the opposite charge.
-
- If a vacuum becomes a giant inert atom of
neutral charge with all possible momentum states filled, then the loss of an
electron leaves a hole which is equivalent to positive energy charge. Therefore anti-electrons must exist.
-
- This particle was finally discovered n 1933
in a cloud chamber. It was named the
“positron” because it was just like an electron
but it had the opposite charge.
It was an anti-electron. It was
anti-matter. Today scientists can
produce all kinds of anti-matter in their laboratories.
-
- If anti-matter exists, why not anti-energy
and anti-gravity?
-
- Anti-gravity appears to be accelerating the
expansion of the Universe. Something is
causing it, we do not know what. We call it “Dark Energy“. But, if we just assume it keeps doing what it
is doing it will eventually rip everything in the Universe apart. Everything.
Galaxies, stars, the Earth, even all the atoms. Everything held together by gravity and the
electromagnetic force will be ripped to pieces.
-
- We have known the Universe is expanding
since 1929 when Edwin Hubble discovered that all the galaxies outside our Local
Group were accelerating away from us.
In 1998 astronomers studying supernovae in distant galaxies determined
that the rate of acceleration was actually increasing.
-
- There was something that interacts with the
gravitational force but does not interact with the electromagnetic force and it
counteracts the force of gravity. It is
some type of uniform negative pressure that is accelerating the expansion of
the Universe. The key here is “
uniform”. If this negative pressure is
uniform over time. If it is invariant,
then the Big Rip is bound to happen.
-
- In addition to Dark Energy we know there is
Dark Matter. We know there is something
that interacts with the gravitational force but does not interact with the
electromagnetic force. Ordinary Matter
only comprises 4.6% of the Universe.
Dark Matter is 5 times greater.
-
- Ordinary Matter does interact with the electromagnetic
force. In fact, EVERYTHING we can see or
communicate with, everything to do with the elements or atoms or chemistry, or
biology interacts with the electromagnetic force. That is our world, our known Universe. There is another Unknown Universe that is 95%
of what is out there.
-
- Astronomer’s tools have gone far beyond the
optical telescope. Astronomers today use
a cluster of galaxies as a gravitational lens to see the Dark Matter that is in
front of their image. The massive
gravity of the cluster warps space-time.
The light from a distant object follows the bent space-time which acts
as a lens to allow astronomers to see what sits behind the galaxy cluster. The luminous mass of the cluster is not
enough to warp space. The extra mass
that is not luminous must be Dark Matter that we can not see.
-
- Another tool is measuring the microwave
energy of the Cosmic Microwave
Background that is the after glow 380,000 years after the Big Bang. These CMB measurements allowed astronomers to
determine the percentage of mass-energy that is in the Universe.
-
- The ratio of energy to the critical
mass-energy is 72%. The critical
mass-energy is that amount that is just enough to stop the expansion of the
Universe at an infinite distance. The
ratio of matter to critical mass-energy is 27.6% with 4.6% being Ordinary
Matter and 23% being Dark Matter.
-
- From these ratios astronomers can say the
Universe will expand forever. The Big Rip will happen. The geometry of the shape of the Universe is
Flat, neither concave nor convex. The
temperature is 2.725 Kelvin. The Age is
13,700,000,000 years.
-
- Three different methods were used to
determine the ratios of the Universe’s composition. The plot was made with the y-axis the Energy
Density / Critical Density and the x-axis the Mass Density / Critical
Density. Using high redshift supernovae,
and the Cosmic Microwave Background and
the slope of a Flat Universe the lines intersect at 72% Energy and 28% Matter.
-
- Type 1a Supernovae were used as standard
candles to determine the expansion rate of the Universe. The supernovae were White Dwarf’s at 1.4
Solar Mass so the absolute luminosity was known. The distance was measured by the redshift of
the light caused by the expansion of the Universe. And, by the dimness of the light that had
traveled that far.
-
- They determined that the rate of expansion
is accelerating. The supernovae that are
further back in time, further away, are dimmer than expected. Dimness is Apparent Brightness and it is
proportional to Luminosity, the intensity of light at the source and inversely
proportional to the distance away.
-
----------------- The Apparent Brightness = Luminosity / 4 *
pi * distance^2
-
- Type 1a Supernovae are known to be binary
stars with one star a White Dwarf that goes supernova when its mass exceeds 1.4
Solar Mass. We know the Luminosity of
these explosions to be 10^10 Solar Luminosity.
We measure the brightness and calculate the distance. The Apparent Brightness is called Flux.
-
-------------- distance ^2
= Luminosity / 4*pi*Flux
-
------------
where: the Flux measured is 0.23*10^-10
watts / meter^2, 0.023 billionths of a watt.
A watt is a joule*second, and, a photon is 6.625*10^-34 joule*seconds of
energy. Therefore, the Flux measured
collected 3.47*10^18 photons per square centimeter.
-
----------- where:
the Luminosity of the Sun is 3.8268*10^26 watts.
-
----------- where:
a lightyear = 9.4605 *10^15 meters
-
-------------- distance ^2
= 3.8268*10^26 *10^10 /
12.57*2.3*10^-11
-
-------------- distance ^2
= 0.1324 *10^47
-
-------------- distance
= 11.5*10^22 meters / 9.4605
*10^15 meters / lightyear
-
-------------- distance
= 1.22/ 10^7 lightyear
-
------------- distance is 12.2 million lightyears
-
- The distance is also measured using the
Doppler Shift of the spectrum lines, called Redshift. The light shifts to the red end of the
spectrum because the light moving away from us gets wider wavelengths as
expanding space stretches it out.
-
------------- Redshift
= (Wo - w) / w
-
----------- where:
Wo is the observed wavelength of 662.9 and 491 nanometers
-
----------- where: w is the actual wavelength from the
source of 656.3 and 486.1 nanometers
-
------------- Redshift
= (662.9 - 656.3) / 656.3 = 0.01
-
------------- Redshift
= (491 - 486.1) /
486.1 = 0.01
-
- 486.1 nanometers is the wavelength of the
hydrogen spectrum. For velocities not approaching
the speed of light the formula is:
-
-----------------
velocity = c * Redshift
-
-------------- where:
c = speed of light = 3*10^8 meters / second
-
-------------- velocity
= 1 % the speed of light = 3 *
10^6 meters / second
-
--------------- velocity
= 1860 miles per second =
6,696,000 miles per hour that the star is moving away from us.
-
- Hubble’s Constant is how fast the Universe
is expanding. The velocity is a linear
function of the distance away the star is.
-
------------ Hubble’s Constant =
Ho = velocity / distance.
-
------------- Ho
= 47,000 miles per hour / million
lightyears
-
-------------- Ho
= 0.00734% *c / million
lightyears
-
------------ Hubble’s Constant =
Ho = velocity / distance.
-
------------ 0.00734% c / million lightyears = 1%*c
/ distance.
---------- distance
= 136 million lightyears. This is how far the star is away from us
using Hubble’s Constant.
-
-
If we measure a Redshift of 6, we can not use the formula velocity =
c * Redshift. Velocity = c*6
means the velocity is 6 times the speed of light. We must use the formulas for Relativity for
velocities approaching the speed of light.
-
------------- Redshift
= (Wo - w) / w
-
------------- Redshift
= Wo / w - 1
-
------------ Redshift + 1
= Wo/w = 6 +
1 =
7, which says that the distance
to the supernova is 7 times greater than when the light left the supernova. The Universe has expanded by 7 times and the
temperature has cooled by 7 times.
-
- The blue light left the supernova at 486.1
nanometers wavelength. We observed it
here at 3,402.7 nanometers, in the far infrared wavelengths.
-
- The intensity of the luminosity of the
supernova follows the Blackbody Curve which has a defined peak as a function of
wavelength and temperature.
-
-------------
Wavelength Peak = 2,900,000 nanometers /
Kelvin
-
------------- Temperature
= 2,900,000 nanometers /
Wavelength Peak
-
------------- Temperature
= 2,900,000 nanometers / 486.1
nanometers = 5,967 Kelvin
-
------------- Temperature
= 2,900,000 nanometers / 3,402.7
nanometers = 852 Kelvin
-
- The Universe has expanded by a factor of 7
and the temperature has cooled by a factor of 7.
-
------------ Redshift + 1
= Temperature / Temperature
observed = 5,967 Kelvin / 852 Kelvin = 7
-
- These calculations are using Redshifts for
the most distant supernovae we can observe.
The maximum Redshift we can observe is the Cosmic Microwave Background. This afterglow of the Big Bang started out as
Gamma Rays and today we see the radiation in Microwave wavelengths. The peak wavelength of the CMB light curve is
at 1,100,000 nanometers. The temperature
has cooled from 3,000 Kelvin to 2.73 Kelvin.
-
-------------
Wavelength Peak = 2,900,000 nanometers /
Kelvin
-
-------------
Wavelength Peak = 2,900,000 nm
/ 2.73 Kelvin =
1.1*10^6 nanometers
-
-------------
Wavelength Peak = 2,900,000 nm
/ 3,000 Kelvin = 970
nanometers
-
------------ Redshift + 1
= 3,000 Kelvin / 2.73 Kelvin
= 1100
-
- The Redshift is 1,100 and the expansion of
the Universe has stretched wavelengths by a factor of 1,100 since the Cosmic
Microwave Background first released its light 380,000 years after the Big Bang.
-
- If we are at the center of a giant void we
could explain the Universe’s accelerating expansion without the need for the
mysterious Dark Energy in space. The
Universe could be extremely big and look like Swiss cheese. Uniform at the large scale and inhomogeneous
at the smaller scale.
-
- Our calculations assume the Universe is
homogeneous and isotropic. But, it may
not be a giant sphere. It may be a giant
blob, expanding different amounts in different directions. We would have to be living in a truly giant
void extending out past our Observable Universe.
-
- The void would have much less density than
other parts of the Universe outside our view.
the less density would cause the attractive effect of gravity
decelerating the expansion to be less.
So much less that the rate of expansion would be increasing inside the
void. It would be like the weak part of
an expanding balloon forming a rapidly expanding bubble in one part out of the
balloon.
-
- Contradicting this idea is the evidence
that the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation is uniform and homogeneous to
one part in 100,000. The CMB represents
the Universe at age 380,000. There is
not evidence of giant voids in the CMB observations.
-
- Secondly the distribution of galaxies
appears to be uniform in all directions.
Even the spaces in between galaxies seems to be uniform with small and
equally sized voids. For the giant void
to exist under these observations the giant void would have to be nearly
spherical and our galaxy would have to be nearly in the center. The void would have to be larger than we
could detect and the Universe’s inhomogeneity would have to exist beyond our
detection. But, God only knows, the Universe might be this large.
-
- The other thought is that time is a variable. The Redshifts can not distinguish form an
expansion is space and a variation in time.
Velocity = change in space / change in time
-
---------- v
= ds / dt = (s2
- s1) /
(t2 - t1).
-
- If time is something you can count on and
space is uniform and homogeneous then Dark Energy must exist and we should be
able to discover what it is. God only knows.
-
-
June 9, 2023 EXPANDING UNIVERESE
- 1083,1084, 1085
4045
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------- Comments
appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ---
--- Some reviews are
at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email feedback,
corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
--- to: ------
jamesdetrick@comcast.net
------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
--------------------- --- Friday, June 9, 2023 ---------------------------------
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