- 4034 - THE
INFINITE UNIVERSE ? - The
Infinite Universe. How big can it
get? How dense is it now?
---------------------------- 4034 - THE INFINITE UNIVERSE ?
- See Review 1499 “
Using Supernovae to Measure Dark Energy”.
These measurements conclude that the Universe is 30% Matter and 70% Dark
Energy. The 70% is vacuum energy that is
expanding the Universe at an ever accelerating rate. The expansion of the Universe is gaining
speed.
-
- OK,
but, what is the Universe expanding into?
-
- There
is evidence to suggest that the answer is simply more Universe. That the Universe is infinite in size. This is an idea totally inconsistent with
logic. However, the idea is consistent
with measurements made of sound waves in the Cosmic Microwave Background
radiation, with redshifts in Type 1a Supernovae, with calculations of the
Hubble Constant, and with the conclusion that space has a flat topology. So an infinite Universe is not contrary to
evidence so far.
-
- The
Hubble Constant measures how fast galaxies are moving away from us. The more distant the galaxy the faster the
recession velocity. It may not be a
constant over time, or distance, but, in our neighborhood of the Universe the
Hubble Constant is 47,000 miles per hour for every million lightyears
distance. That is 13 miles per second
per million light years of space.
-
- If
space never ends there is no limit to the number of galaxies, stars, planets, and energy in
the Universe. The constant does remain
with the speed of light. So, we can only
see over the space of so many lightyears distance. Called our “ Observable Universe” it contains
at least 200,000,000,000 galaxies. If
the Universe is infinite then this is a very small fraction that we can
see. In fact, it is essentially zero.
-
- Where
did this infinite Universe come from?
Well, it came from nothing. You
take all the mass and gravity and balance that against the negative repulsive
force of Dark Energy and the balance equals zero.
-
- I told
you that it was inconsistent with logic.
---------------
-
- With
these assumptions of the mass being zero and the volume being infinite the
density of the Universe is zero/infinity.
That ratio would drive a mathematician nuts.
-
- We certainly
live in a special part of the Universe where the density of things make up our
natural world . Take the density of the
air we breath for example. The total
volume of the Earth’s atmosphere is 4.2 * 10^18 cubic meters. The total mass is 5.1*10^18 kilograms. The average density is 1.214 kilograms per
cubic meter. That is equivalent to the
average being 0.000044 pounds per cubic inch.
-
- But,
all that atmosphere is over our head. It
is sitting on our shoulders with an atmospheric pressure of 14.7 pounds per
square inch.
-
- An
interesting way to compare the densities in the Universe is to use the units of
the number of hydrogen atoms per cubic meter.
A hydrogen atom weighs 1.6*10^-27 kilograms. The Earth’s atmosphere then has an average
density of 7.5*10^26 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter. That is a lot of atoms weighing down on us.
-
- That
is an average. If you go up in elevation
from 600 miles to 4,000 miles you can measure density at 53 hydrogen atoms per
cubic meter. That region is called the
Van Allen Radiation Belt, or more recently simply the “magnetosphere“. It is the magnetic shield around the Earth
that protects us from the Solar Wind.
-
- The
Solar Wind coming at us from the Sun has a volume of 1.4 * 10^34 cubic meters. It has a total mass of 4.5*10^14
kilograms. So the average density of the
Solar Wind between us and the Sun is 20,000,000 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter.
-
- The
average density of the total Milky Way Galaxy is the ratio of 1.6 *10^60 cubic
meters divided by 2*10^39 kilograms. The
gives us an average density of 81,000 atoms per cubic meter.
-
- Here is
a table of densities measured in the number of hydrogen atoms:
-
------------------------- Earth’s atmosphere ------------------- 7.5*10^26
atoms
-
------------------------- Sun’s atmosphere -------------------- 6.2*10^13
atoms
-
------------------------- Sun’s surface
------------------------
1.3*10^23 atoms
-
------------------------- Orion Nebula
------------------------
1.5*10^8 atoms
-
------------------------- Milky Way Galaxy ------------------- 8.1*10^4
atoms
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------------------------- The Universe ------------------------- 0
atoms / infinite volume = nothing. I like our part of the Universe the best.
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-
June 1, 2023
THE INFINITE UNIVERSE ? 1500 4034
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to
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--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
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--- to:
------
jamesdetrick@comcast.net
------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
--------------------- --- Saturday, June 3, 2023
---------------------------------
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