Monday, April 23, 2018

Extremes in our Universe.



- 2066  -  Extremes in our Universe are the boundary conditions we can either observe or theorize.  Here are some of the fastest, the coldest, the rarest, the densest, extremes we can find.  Of the planets orbiting stars, astronomers estimate that  50,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
(50 sextillion) are habitable planets.
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-----------------------------  2066  -  Extremes in our Universe. 
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-  Imagine the fastest rotating star.  Ours rotates in about a month.  We have found a Neutron Star that is rotating 716 revolutions per second.  Typically. Neutron Stars can be found rotating 30 to 50 revolutions per second (3,000 rpm).
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-  Neutron stars are 26 kilometers (16 miles) in diameter and packed with neutrons.  However, there are charged particles at their surface.  And, a rotating charged particle creates a rotating magnetic field.  The magnetic field acts as a drag on the rotation causing the star’s rotation to gradually slow down.  After a million years of rotation the star is still rotating 5 to 10 revolutions per second.
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-   Neutron stars are a crushed core of a massive star with a small radius and extremely high density.  They can spin at up to 43,000 times a minute, and have a magnetic field one trillion times stronger than Earth.  They are one of the densest objects known.  One teaspoon of matter from a neutron star would weigh as much as one billion tons.
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-  The Neutron Star rotating 716 revolutions per second is likely pulling mass off a companion binary star.  The mass crashing into the surface is spinning the star up faster and faster.
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- The fastest star moving through space is also a Neutron Star.  It is clocked at 3,600,000 miles per hour.  This immense speed was likely generated by a supernova explosion.  If the explosion is asymmetrical one star can be shot outward in the opposite direction of the explosion.
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-  The fastest particles are Cosmic Rays that have velocities 99% of the speed of light.  Cosmic Rays are not rays at all , but, charged particles, usually protons, a hydrogen nucleus, or a heavier atomic nucleus.  Some have been measured with velocities just  below the speed of light.  These tiny particles are traveling so fast their equivalent energy is the same as a baseball traveling 60 miles per hour.
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-  The fastest moving planet orbiting a star is an exoplanet the size of Jupiter.  It has an elongated orbit that whips by its host star at 529,000 miles per hour.
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-  Galactic Blackholes at the centers of galaxies can produce jets of charged particles exiting the disk at the rotating poles.  Fast moving charged particles represent an electric current.  These electric currents would be equivalent to a million, trillion amperes.
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-  The greatest vacuum created in experiments on Earth  reach 500 to 1,000 atoms per cubic centimeter.  The space between galaxies might have only a few atoms spanning a 100 million lightyears.  That is equivalent to a density of 0.000,000,02 atoms per cubic centimeter.  These tremendous voids are not rare in that they represent 90% of the volume of the Universe.
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-   The coldest temperature possible is Absolute Zero at -273.15 C.  The Cosmic Microwave Background that occupies the voids of space has a radiation temperature of  2.73C above Absolute Zero, or , -275.88 C.
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-  Some unusual conditions are needed to find a place colder than space itself.  This spot is the Boomerang Nebula.  The star at the center of the Nebula is blasting a solar wind outward at 370,000 miles per hour.  This rapid expansion of interstellar gas is so fast as to drop the temperature to -271.10C.  If you compress gas it heats up.  If you expand gas it cools down.
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-  Perhaps  the biggest extreme in the Cosmos is the “ Singularity”. 
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-  A massive star collapses when its gravity is so strong its radiation energy cannot withstand the compression.  The collapse can be held up by the pressure of electrons refusing to be compressed into their nuclei.  When the gravity is so immense as to crush electrons into the protons and create neutrons the star collapses into a Neutron Star.  When even the Neutrons cannot withstand the compression they can collapse into a Quark Star, and then into a Blackhole.
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-  The Blackhole is defined by a boundary at which point the compressing gravity is so strong that even light cannot escape.  Called the Event Horizon it is the point where gravity bends light beams so great they fold back on themselves and never pass the boundary.
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-  But, what happens when gravity’s compression continues inside the Blackhole?  What is there to stop the collapse from continuing down to a single point.  Could the collapse continue into a “Singularity”?

-  Blackholes form when massive stars collapse into themselves and condense their mass into an unbelievably small area. The tiniest are called primordial blackholes which are thought to be the size of an atom, but with the mass of a mountain! The biggest are supermassive blackholes.  They have masses greater than 1 million suns.
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-  It’s thought that every galaxy has a supermassive blackhole at its center.  The Milky Way’s is called Sagittarius A. It has a mass equal to 4 million suns yet it would fit inside our own Sun.  If a human were to become a black hole, that person would have to be compressed to the size of a proton. 
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-  We do not know what happens inside a blackhole.  The conditions are so extreme that new physics might apply.  We are simply inside the gap of our knowledge.  All the math takes us to infinities.  What does infinite density really mean?  We are at the edge of Cosmic Extremes and the boundary conditions for our Universe. 
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-  Our galaxy, the Milky Way, contains up to 400 billion stars. In the observable universe, there are more than 200 billion galaxies (some estimates put this figure at up to 500 billion) each with billions or even trillions of stars within it.

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-   This equates to roughly 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 stars in the observable universe.
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-  Of the planets orbiting these stars, astronomers estimate that:
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-   There are 50,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (50 sextillion) habitable planets.
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-  And remember, this is in the observable universe, so the real figures may be infinite… Still wondering whether extraterrestrial life is likely to exist?!
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-  The closest galaxy to our own is Andromeda. Measuring 140,000 light years across and 2.5 million light years away from Earth, if it were bright enough to be seen in the night sky, it would appear six times as large as the Moon.
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-  It’s thought that, over the course of a year, 100 billion stars are born and die throughout the universe.
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-   Astronauts returning from space say that their spacesuits and gear smell like seared steak and hot metal.  This is an odor that’s probably caused by the remnants of dying stars.
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-  Back in the days when you’d turn your TV over to a badly tuned channel, the static, or ‘white noise’ you heard was made up of about one per cent radiation left over from the Big Bang. The proper name for this is Cosmic Microwave Background.
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-  Cast into space on September 5, 1977, space probe Voyager 1 is the furthest man-made object from earth, at 11,136,538,637 miles away. In 1990, it took the first ever image of our solar system from the ‘outside’ showing the Earth as a tiny blue marble. The probe carries a gold-plated audio-visual disk that carries scientific information, greetings, photos, sounds, and music from Earth, should the probe ever be discovered by extraterrestrial life.
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-  Space is completely silent. Sound needs an atmosphere to travel through, and since space has no atmosphere, it has no sound. The biggest, most awe-inspiring exploding star would not even make a peep. Astronauts are able to communicate up there thanks to radio waves, which can travel through space.
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- The Moon does not have an atmosphere either. The footprints made by the Apollo astronauts are likely to remain printed on the lunar surface for billions of years.
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-   Space is almost a perfect vacuum. As a result, if two lumps of the same metal touch each other, they’ll meld together. This is because the atoms in each piece of material have no air separating them, so the lumps of metal have no way of knowing they’re two different pieces. Imagine the possibilities of construction in space with this handy effect.
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-.  Stay tuned, an announcement will be made shortly.
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 -------------------------   Monday, April 23, 2018   --------------------------------
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