Saturday, April 21, 2018

Forces and Particles that make up the Universe.



- 2077  - Forces and Particles that make up the Universe.  The universe was created with only four forces, that we know about so far.   All the energy in the observable Universe is 10^80 billion electron-volts.  There are only 12 fundamental particles that make up the Universe.  Dark Matter, something we cannot see and cannot identify today, has 10 times the energy of our Observable Universe of ordinary matter. 
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-  TO LEARN MORE, CLICK ON ADDRESS BELOW:  FEEDBACK ENCOURAGE
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------------------------------  2077  -   Forces and Particles in the Universe
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-  The Universe was created with only four forces:
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-----------------------  FORCES    ---------------------------     RELATIVE STRENGTH:
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-----------------------  Gravity --------------------------------   =        1            =       10^-33
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-----------------------  Weak Force -----------------------       =       10^33    =        1
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-----------------------  Electromagnetic Force--------------   =       10^36    =        1,000
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-----------------------  Strong Force-----------------------       =       10^38    =        10,000
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-  The weak force is 10^33 times stronger than gravity  (10^33 is 1 followed by 33 zeros, a very large number.)  The strong force is aptly named. It holds atoms together.  Nuclear energy is created when atoms are broken down and this Strong force is converted into energy.
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-  If the mass of one proton was converted into energy according to E = mc^2 it would create one billion electron volts of energy. (Footnote 2).   GeV is the symbol for a billion electron volts.
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-  That is a lot of energy for one small particle.  However, 1 GeV is also the amount of energy required to lift one small grain of sand one centimeter off the surface of the Earth.
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-  Here is a scale of the energy in the Universe starting with the microwave background radiation left over from the Big Bang:
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            ENERGY                                                       BILLION ELECTRON-VOLTS
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Microwave background radiation photons                             2 * 10^-13  GeV
Energy to knock photon out of hydrogen atom                     13.6 * 10^-12  GeV  =  1 eV
Photons from starlight                                                                        10^-9
Annihilation of an electron                                                     10^-3
Gamma Ray                                                                            10^-3
Annihilation of a proton                                                         1
Lifting a coffee cup                                                                10^10
Daily human calorie burn                                                        10^17
Running a marathon                                                                10^18
One kiloton of TNT                                                                2.5 * 10^22
First Atomic Bomb                                                                 3.8 * 10^23
Daily dosage of cosmic rays                                                   8 *  10^23
One million tons of TNT                                                         2.5 * 10^25
Earth’s daily ration of sunlight                                               10^29
Comet hits Earth 235 million years ago                                  3 * 10^33
Energy to sterilize Earth                                                         10^38
Formation of the Moon                                                           10^40
Formation of Earth                                                                 10^42
Formation of Jupiter                                                               10^46
Formation of a star                                                                  10^51
Annihilation of Earth                                                              3 * 10^51
Supernova                                                                               6 * 10^53
Hypernova                                                                              6 * 10^55
Annihilation of the Sun                                                          10^57
Galaxy formation                                                                    10^61
Black Hole formation                                                             10 ^63
Energy in Observable Universe                                              10^80  GeV
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-  All the energy in the observable Universe is 10^80 billion electron-volts.  The observable Universe, presently the farthest we can see, is 10^28 centimeters across.  In Planck units, the smallest known measurement of distance, the Universe is 10^61 Planck unit lengths across.  It is interesting that the age of the universe in Planck time units is also 10^61 units.  Space and time apparently started at the same time.  (Footnote 3).
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-  There are only 12 fundamental particles that make up the Universe.  Each of these particles has an antiparticle which annihilate each other whenever they come in contact.
The 12 fundamental particles, 6 quarks and 6 leptons, along with the 4 forces make up everything that is in the known Universe.
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-  When these fundamental 4 forces and 12 particles combine into mass we get:
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-           Number of photons and neutrinos                             10^87 each
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-           Number of protons                                          =          10^78
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-           Number of planets                                          =          10^23
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-           Number of black holes                                    =          10^17
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-           Number of galaxies                                         =          10^11
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-           Number of known universes                           =             1
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-  When these fundamental forces and particles combine into energy we get:
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-                       ENERGY                                                       ENERGY DENSITY
-                                                                                               Electron-volts / cm^3
-           Total energy of all ordinary matter,
-           protons and neutrons, ( baryons)                   =          10^9
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-           Total energy of dark matter                            =          10^10
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-           Total of all magnetic fields                             =          2
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-           Total in all cosmic rays                                    =          1
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-           Total energy in radiation from stars plus
             microwave background radiation                  =          0.34
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-  Dark matter, something we cannot see and cannot identify today, has 10 times the energy of our observable Universe of ordinary matter.  This is one of the big mysteries in astronomy today.  We can detect its gravitational effects but we do not know what it is.  Dark energy is another mystery.  It is the energy in a vacuum, or in empty space, believed to be a form of anti-gravity that is causing the Universe to expand at an accelerating rate.
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-  If we total up the energy in the Universe:
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-                       Ordinary matter                      =          5%
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-                       Dark matter                             =          25%
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-                       Dark Energy                            =          70%
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-                       TOTAL ENERGY                 =          100%
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-  All radiation, stars, neutrinos, baryons are round off error in this summation to 100%.  For 95% of the energy in the Universe, we do not know what it is.
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----------------------------------  FOOTNOTES
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-   (1) The Origins of Existence by Fred Adams. He is professor of physics at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.  He received his Ph.D. from Berkeley in the field of astrophysics.  I got a scholarship to the University of Michigan but still could not afford to go.  I ended up at Tri-State University where I could stay at home for board and room and just pay tuition, which was about $1000 per year.  I commuted to 8:00 classes for 3 years and was late only once.  The professor was late too due to the ice/snow storm. 
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-  (2)   Energy of a proton annihilation  =   E = m* c^2
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--------------------------  m  =  the mass of a proton  =  1.67252  *  10^-24 grams
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--------------------------  c  =  speed of Light  =  2.998 * 10^10 cm/sec
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--------------------------  E  =  1.67 * 10^-24 *  ( 3 * 10^10)^2   gram * cm^2/sec^2
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--------------------------  E  =  15 * 10^-4  gram * cm^2/sec^2
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-  The unit of energy is the erg  =  10^-4 gram * cm^2/sec^2
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--------------------------  E  =  15 ergs
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--------------------------  One electron volt  =  1.6 * 10^-12 ergs
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--------------------------  E  =  9.4 * 10^12 electron-volts
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--------------------------  E  =  9.4 GeV
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-  (3)    Planck time unit  =  10^-43 seconds
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-           Planck length unit  =  10^-35 meters
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-           Universe diameter  =  10^26 meters
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-           Universe age     =   5 * 10^17 seconds
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-            10^26 meters / 10^-35 meters =  10^61     Planck lengths
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-           5 * 10^17 seconds / 10^-43 seconds  =  5 * 10^-6     Planck seconds
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-            ( see review #8, “ Time Comes to Us in Particles”)
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-    (4)   Review #1257  -  Are all the natural forces combined into  single equivalency?  Maybe everything is interconnected in this geometric fabric woven by space geometry and geometric time.
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-  (5)  #1108  -   What forces control everything?  Science has got everything down ton4 forces and 26 constants.  But, it is still not simple enough, we need more discoveries.
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-  (6)  #876  -  May the force be with you. A force is needed to change an objects velocity.  
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-  (7)  How many constants are there? Strong, Electromagnetic, Weak, Gravity.  And, Planck Time.
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 -------------------------   Saturday, April 21, 2018   --------------------------------
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