- 2077
- Forces and Particles that make up the Universe. The universe was
created with only four forces, that we know about so far. All
the energy in the observable Universe is 10^80 billion electron-volts. There are only 12 fundamental particles that
make up the Universe. Dark Matter,
something we cannot see and cannot identify today, has 10 times the energy of
our Observable Universe of ordinary matter.
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- TO
LEARN MORE, CLICK ON ADDRESS BELOW:
FEEDBACK ENCOURAGE
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------------------------------ 2077 - Forces and Particles in the Universe
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- The Universe
was created with only four forces:
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----------------------- FORCES --------------------------- RELATIVE STRENGTH:
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----------------------- Gravity -------------------------------- =
1 = 10^-33
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----------------------- Weak Force ----------------------- =
10^33 = 1
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----------------------- Electromagnetic Force-------------- = 10^36 = 1,000
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----------------------- Strong Force----------------------- = 10^38 = 10,000
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- The weak
force is 10^33 times stronger than gravity
(10^33 is 1 followed by 33 zeros, a very large number.) The strong force is aptly named. It holds
atoms together. Nuclear energy is
created when atoms are broken down and this Strong force is converted into
energy.
-
- If the mass
of one proton was converted into energy according to E = mc^2 it would create
one billion electron volts of energy. (Footnote 2). GeV is the symbol for a billion electron
volts.
-
- That is a lot
of energy for one small particle.
However, 1 GeV is also the amount of energy required to lift one small
grain of sand one centimeter off the surface of the Earth.
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- Here is a
scale of the energy in the Universe starting with the microwave background
radiation left over from the Big Bang:
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ENERGY BILLION ELECTRON-VOLTS
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Microwave background radiation photons 2 * 10^-13 GeV
Energy to knock photon out of hydrogen atom 13.6 * 10^-12 GeV
= 1 eV
Photons from starlight 10^-9
Annihilation of an electron 10^-3
Gamma Ray 10^-3
Annihilation of a proton 1
Lifting a coffee cup 10^10
Daily human calorie burn 10^17
Running a marathon 10^18
One kiloton of TNT 2.5
* 10^22
First Atomic Bomb 3.8
* 10^23
Daily dosage of cosmic rays 8 * 10^23
One million tons of TNT 2.5 * 10^25
Earth’s daily ration of sunlight 10^29
Comet hits Earth 235 million years ago 3 * 10^33
Energy to sterilize Earth 10^38
Formation of the Moon 10^40
Formation of Earth 10^42
Formation of Jupiter 10^46
Formation of a star 10^51
Annihilation of Earth 3
* 10^51
Supernova 6
* 10^53
Hypernova 6
* 10^55
Annihilation of the Sun 10^57
Galaxy formation 10^61
Black Hole formation 10
^63
Energy in Observable Universe 10^80 GeV
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- All the
energy in the observable Universe is 10^80 billion electron-volts. The observable Universe, presently the
farthest we can see, is 10^28 centimeters across. In Planck units, the smallest known
measurement of distance, the Universe is 10^61 Planck unit lengths across. It is interesting that the age of the
universe in Planck time units is also 10^61 units. Space and time apparently started at the same
time. (Footnote 3).
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- There are
only 12 fundamental particles that make up the Universe. Each of these particles has an antiparticle
which annihilate each other whenever they come in contact.
The 12 fundamental particles, 6 quarks and 6 leptons,
along with the 4 forces make up everything that is in the known Universe.
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- When these
fundamental 4 forces and 12 particles combine into mass we get:
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- Number
of photons and neutrinos 10^87 each
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- Number
of protons = 10^78
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- Number
of planets = 10^23
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- Number
of black holes = 10^17
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- Number
of galaxies =
10^11
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- Number
of known universes = 1
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- When these
fundamental forces and particles combine into energy we get:
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- ENERGY ENERGY
DENSITY
- Electron-volts
/ cm^3
- Total
energy of all ordinary matter,
-
protons and neutrons, ( baryons) = 10^9
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- Total
energy of dark matter = 10^10
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- Total
of all magnetic fields = 2
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- Total
in all cosmic rays = 1
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- Total
energy in radiation from stars plus
microwave background radiation = 0.34
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- Dark matter,
something we cannot see and cannot identify today, has 10 times the energy of
our observable Universe of ordinary matter.
This is one of the big mysteries in astronomy today. We can detect its gravitational effects but
we do not know what it is. Dark energy
is another mystery. It is the energy in
a vacuum, or in empty space, believed to be a form of anti-gravity that is
causing the Universe to expand at an accelerating rate.
-
- If we total
up the energy in the Universe:
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- Ordinary
matter = 5%
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- Dark
matter = 25%
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- Dark
Energy = 70%
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- TOTAL
ENERGY = 100%
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- All
radiation, stars, neutrinos, baryons are round off error in this summation to
100%. For 95% of the energy in the
Universe, we do not know what it is.
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------------------------------------------------
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---------------------------------- FOOTNOTES
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- (1) The Origins of Existence by Fred Adams. He
is professor of physics at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He received his Ph.D. from Berkeley in the field
of astrophysics. I got a scholarship to
the University of Michigan but still could not afford to go. I ended up at Tri-State University where I
could stay at home for board and room and just pay tuition, which was about
$1000 per year. I commuted to 8:00
classes for 3 years and was late only once.
The professor was late too due to the ice/snow storm.
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- (2) Energy
of a proton annihilation = E = m* c^2
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-------------------------- m
= the mass of a proton =
1.67252 * 10^-24 grams
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-------------------------- c
= speed of Light =
2.998 * 10^10 cm/sec
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-------------------------- E
= 1.67 * 10^-24 * ( 3 * 10^10)^2 gram * cm^2/sec^2
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-------------------------- E
= 15 * 10^-4 gram * cm^2/sec^2
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- The unit of
energy is the erg = 10^-4 gram * cm^2/sec^2
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-------------------------- E
= 15 ergs
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-------------------------- One electron volt = 1.6
* 10^-12 ergs
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-------------------------- E
= 9.4 * 10^12 electron-volts
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-------------------------- E
= 9.4 GeV
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- (3) Planck
time unit = 10^-43 seconds
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- Planck
length unit = 10^-35 meters
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- Universe
diameter = 10^26 meters
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- Universe
age = 5 * 10^17 seconds
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- 10^26
meters / 10^-35 meters = 10^61 Planck lengths
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- 5 *
10^17 seconds / 10^-43 seconds = 5 * 10^-6
Planck seconds
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- (
see review #8, “ Time Comes to Us in Particles”)
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- (4) Review #1257
- Are all the natural forces combined into single equivalency? Maybe everything is interconnected in this geometric
fabric woven by space geometry and geometric time.
-
- (5)
#1108 - What forces control everything? Science has got everything down ton4 forces and
26 constants. But, it is still not simple
enough, we need more discoveries.
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- (6)
#876 - May the
force be with you. A force is needed to change an objects velocity.
-
- (7)
How many constants are there? Strong, Electromagnetic,
Weak, Gravity. And, Planck Time.
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-
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------------------------- Saturday, April 21,
2018 --------------------------------
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