Tuesday, April 24, 2018

Time is what God created



- 2083 -   Time is what God created to keep everything from happening all at once.  Time is an illusion. Our naive perception of its flow doesn’t correspond to physical reality. The smallest unit of time is thought to be the Planck Time of 10^-43 seconds.   This review is everything you wanted to know about time. It's about time someone did this.


-----------------------------  2083  -  Time is what God created
-   Time is an illusion. Our naive perception of its flow doesn’t correspond to physical reality.  Isaac Newton pictured a universally ticking clock.   Albert Einstein pictured relativistic space-time, an elastic manifold that contorts so that local times differ depending on one’s relative speed or proximity to a mass.
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-  Reality is just a complex network of events onto which we project sequences of past, present and future. The whole Universe obeys the laws of quantum mechanics and thermodynamics from which time emerges.
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-  Equations of quantum gravity can be written without any reference to time at all.   ‘Forward in time’ is the direction in which entropy increases, and in which we gain information.
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-  Established physics theories deconstruct our common-sense ideas. Einstein showed us that time is just a fourth dimension and that there is nothing special about ‘now’; even ‘past’ and ‘future’ are not always well defined.
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-   The malleability of space and time mean that two events occurring far apart might even happen in one order when viewed by one observer, and in the opposite order when viewed by another.
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-  It is far from certain that space-time is quantized, in the sense of space and time being packaged in minimal lengths or periods   
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-  Our illusions about time have arisen from aspects of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics.  Our perception of time’s flow depends entirely on our inability to see the world in all its detail. Quantum uncertainty means we cannot know the positions and speeds of all the particles in the Universe. If we could, there would be no entropy, and no unravelling of time.
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-  Time is what God created to make certain things do not happen all at once.  Webster says time is a system of those sequential relationships that any event has to have with another as past, present or future.  Time is a finite duration that creates intervals between events.
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-   If events did not happen there would be no time.  Science defines time as what clocks measure.  It is the number of ticks on a clock.  A clock can be anything you want that has periodic ticks, your heart beat, Earth’s rotation, Quasar’s rotation, Quartz resonance, a pendulum, or atomic vibrations.
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-  What we observe as time is one physical variable, the moving of hands of a clock as a function of other physical variables, the race car moving around the track.
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-  Is time a fundamental property in the Universe, or is it just the macroscopic appearance of things?  What happens to time in the microscopic world? 
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-   In 1905 Einstein changed our whole concept of space and time with his Theory of Relativity.  Before then space and time were constant and absolute.  After then space and time were variable and relative to an observer’s motion. 
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-  What physicists need is a similar modified version of Quantum Mechanics that describes space and time.  To be a quantum, space and time must not be continuous but rather made up of discrete fragments, or quanta.  The same analogy as light being bundles of energy, quanta called photons.
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-  In Quantum Mechanics all particles of matter and energy can also be described as waves.  This is called the Wave-Particle Duality.  Waves have the unusual property that they can exist in the same location at the same time.  Particles on the other hand cannot share the same space at the same time. 
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-  If time is quanta it could exist as waves piled up on top of each other in a space that does not exist.  This appears to be an impossible situation.  Time may not even exist at the most fundamental level of physical reality.
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-  The smallest unit of time is thought to be the Planck Time of 10^-43 seconds.  That is:
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------------  0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001 seconds. 
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-  It is the time it takes a photon traveling at the speed of light to cross the distance of a Planck Length, 4*10^-35 meters.
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-  Planck Time is derived from the fundamental constants of Gravity, Planck’s Constant, and the Speed of light.
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------------------------ Planck Time^2  =  G*h*c^5
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------------------------  G = 6.67*10^-11 meters^3/(kilograms*seconds^2)
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------------------------  h = 6.6*10^-34 kilogram*meter^2/seconds
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------------------------  c  =  3*10^8 meters / second
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-------------------------- Planck Length^2  =  G * h / c
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-  Time is measured in seconds which is defined as the duration it takes hot cesium atoms to vibrate exactly 9,192,631,770 times.  These are the ticks in an atomic clock.  Roughly a second is 1 / 86,400 of one rotation of Earth.  But, that is the old definition of a second.  The problem is that Earth’s rotation is gradually slowly down.  A calendar year is 31,556,926 seconds, usually.  Leap seconds are periodically added to one day during the year to keep astronomical time in step with the Standard Clocks.  One second has been added to our years 19 times since 1972.

-  The standard clock consists of 54 different cesium atomic and hydrogen maser clocks located around the world.  Their timekeeping is merged together to keep any one drift caused by minor environmental changes in line with the rest.  The clocks are synchronized every 100 seconds.  Laggards and speedsters are instantly tweaked into line with the majority.  Democracy in action.
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-   Comparison with the natural time caused by Earth’s orbit and rotation in space is made by a  network of 462 very distant quasars as our coordinating system.  Quasars are rotating neutron stars which send a beam like a light house.  The ticks of a rotating quasar are thought to be the most accurate clocks in the Universe.  Astronomers and physicists try to keep the two clock systems in synchronization.  However, Einstein proved that that was impossible.  No two clocks in relative motion can be synchronized.  We just get as close as we can.
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-  Time is ticking and it is not on our side.  Let's squeeze it into the year 2018 and see what it looks like.-
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-   Pressed for Time:  Let’s say the Big Bang happened on January 1, 2018, and, we compressed all of history into that same year.  What would the age of the Universe look like compressed in this way.  Each month would be a little over 1 billion years.
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-  The Milky Way Galaxy would have formed in February.
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-  Earth would not have formed until September 3rd.  The next three days would see sterilizing impacts and a period of bombardment from comets, asteroids, and mini-planets.   The Moon was formed.    Early life would have arrived on Earth on September 22.  Then, and,  for most of Earth’s history, life was only primitive cells and microscopic in size.
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-  We do not get recognizable animals and reptiles until December 17th when the Cambrian explosion of diverse life occurred on Earth.  Plants and Fungi colonized land 1 week later.  Animals colonized land 2 weeks after that.  Almost the whole year is already gone. 
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-  In late December many extinctions and catastrophic rebirths in evolution occurred until dinosaurs became dominant on December 26th.  They lived for 4 days and went extinct on December 30th.  65 million years on the Cosmic Calendar was only yesterday.
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-  The entire recorded history of human civilization occurs in the last 30 seconds of that year.
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-  If you look carefully at the last day, December 31st, it was not until 9:00 P.M. that day that the first hominoids appeared walking upright.  At 11.58 P.M., just 2 minutes before midnight homo-sapiens invented agriculture. 
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-  11 seconds ago the Egyptians built the pyramids.  1 second ago Kepler and Galileo were convinced that the Earth orbited the Sun and that the Earth was NOT the center of the Universe.
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-  My kids were born 50 milliseconds ago, and my entire lifetime is but a blink of an eye.
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-  OTHER  REVIEWS  AVAILABLE  UPON  REQUEST.
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-  (1) -   Review 37  -   Deriving Time Dilation from the Pythagorean Theorem.
-  (2)   -  368  -    Time Come to Us in Particles - Planck Time.
-  (3) -   2013  -  Think about time, what time is.  This Review lists 14 other reviews that are about time.  A complex subject when you really think about it.  
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 -------------------------   Tuesday, April 24, 2018   --------------------------------
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