- 2083 - Time is
what God created to keep everything from happening all at once. Time is an illusion. Our
naive perception of its flow doesn’t correspond to physical reality. The smallest unit of time is thought to be the
Planck Time of 10^-43 seconds. This review is everything you wanted to know about
time. It's about time someone did this.
----------------------------- 2083 -
Time
is what God created
- Time is an illusion. Our naive perception of
its flow doesn’t correspond to physical reality. Isaac Newton pictured a universally ticking
clock. Albert Einstein pictured relativistic
space-time, an elastic manifold that contorts so that local times differ
depending on one’s relative speed or proximity to a mass.
-
- Reality is
just a complex network of events onto which we project sequences of past,
present and future. The whole Universe obeys the laws of quantum mechanics and
thermodynamics from which time emerges.
-
- Equations
of quantum gravity can be written without any reference to time at all. ‘Forward in time’ is the direction in which
entropy increases, and in which we gain information.
-
- Established
physics theories deconstruct our common-sense ideas. Einstein showed us that
time is just a fourth dimension and that there is nothing special about ‘now’;
even ‘past’ and ‘future’ are not always well defined.
-
- The malleability of space and time mean that
two events occurring far apart might even happen in one order when viewed by
one observer, and in the opposite order when viewed by another.
-
- It is far
from certain that space-time is quantized, in the sense of space and time being
packaged in minimal lengths or periods
-
- Our
illusions about time have arisen from aspects of thermodynamics and quantum
mechanics. Our perception of time’s flow
depends entirely on our inability to see the world in all its detail. Quantum
uncertainty means we cannot know the positions and speeds of all the particles
in the Universe. If we could, there would be no entropy, and no unravelling of
time.
-
- Time is what God created to make certain
things do not happen all at once.
Webster says time is a system of those sequential relationships that any
event has to have with another as past, present or future. Time is a finite duration that creates intervals
between events.
-
- If
events did not happen there would be no time.
Science defines time as what clocks measure. It is the number of ticks on a clock. A clock can be anything you want that has
periodic ticks, your heart beat, Earth’s rotation, Quasar’s rotation, Quartz
resonance, a pendulum, or atomic vibrations.
-
- What we observe as time is one physical
variable, the moving of hands of a clock as a function of other physical
variables, the race car moving around the track.
-
- Is time a fundamental property in the
Universe, or is it just the macroscopic appearance of things? What happens to time in the microscopic
world?
-
- In 1905
Einstein changed our whole concept of space and time with his Theory of
Relativity. Before then space and time
were constant and absolute. After then
space and time were variable and relative to an observer’s motion.
-
- What physicists need is a similar modified
version of Quantum Mechanics that describes space and time. To be a quantum, space and time must not be
continuous but rather made up of discrete fragments, or quanta. The same analogy as light being bundles of
energy, quanta called photons.
-
- In Quantum Mechanics all particles of matter
and energy can also be described as waves.
This is called the Wave-Particle Duality. Waves have the unusual property that they can
exist in the same location at the same time.
Particles on the other hand cannot share the same space at the same
time.
-
- If time is quanta it could exist as waves
piled up on top of each other in a space that does not exist. This appears to be an impossible situation. Time may not even exist at the most
fundamental level of physical reality.
-
- The smallest unit of time is thought to be
the Planck Time of 10^-43 seconds. That
is:
-
------------ 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001
seconds.
-
- It is the time it takes a photon traveling at
the speed of light to cross the distance of a Planck Length, 4*10^-35 meters.
-
- Planck Time is derived from the fundamental
constants of Gravity, Planck’s Constant, and the Speed of light.
-
------------------------
Planck Time^2 = G*h*c^5
-
------------------------ G = 6.67*10^-11 meters^3/(kilograms*seconds^2)
-
------------------------ h = 6.6*10^-34 kilogram*meter^2/seconds
-
------------------------ c
= 3*10^8 meters / second
-
--------------------------
Planck Length^2 = G * h / c
-
- Time is measured in seconds which is defined
as the duration it takes hot cesium atoms to vibrate exactly 9,192,631,770
times. These are the ticks in an atomic
clock. Roughly a second is 1 / 86,400 of
one rotation of Earth. But, that is the
old definition of a second. The problem
is that Earth’s rotation is gradually slowly down. A calendar year is 31,556,926 seconds,
usually. Leap seconds are periodically
added to one day during the year to keep astronomical time in step with the
Standard Clocks. One second has been
added to our years 19 times since 1972.
- The standard clock consists of 54 different
cesium atomic and hydrogen maser clocks located around the world. Their timekeeping is merged together to keep
any one drift caused by minor environmental changes in line with the rest. The clocks are synchronized every 100
seconds. Laggards and speedsters are
instantly tweaked into line with the majority.
Democracy in action.
-
- Comparison with the natural time caused by
Earth’s orbit and rotation in space is made by a network of 462 very distant quasars as our
coordinating system. Quasars are
rotating neutron stars which send a beam like a light house. The ticks of a rotating quasar are thought to
be the most accurate clocks in the Universe.
Astronomers and physicists try to keep the two clock systems in
synchronization. However, Einstein
proved that that was impossible. No two
clocks in relative motion can be synchronized.
We just get as close as we can.
-
- Time is ticking and it is not on our side. Let's squeeze it into the year 2018 and see what
it looks like.-
-
- Pressed for Time: Let’s say the Big Bang happened on January 1,
2018, and, we compressed all of history into that same year. What would the age of the Universe look like
compressed in this way. Each month would
be a little over 1 billion years.
-
- The Milky Way Galaxy would have formed in
February.
-
- Earth would not have formed until September 3rd. The next three days would see sterilizing
impacts and a period of bombardment from comets, asteroids, and
mini-planets. The Moon was formed. Early life would have arrived on Earth on
September 22. Then,
and, for most of Earth’s history, life
was only primitive cells and microscopic in size.
-
- We do not get recognizable animals and
reptiles until December 17th when the Cambrian explosion of diverse life
occurred on Earth. Plants and Fungi
colonized land 1 week later. Animals
colonized land 2 weeks after that.
Almost the whole year is already gone.
-
- In late December many extinctions and
catastrophic rebirths in evolution occurred until dinosaurs became dominant on
December 26th. They lived for 4 days and
went extinct on December 30th. 65
million years on the Cosmic Calendar was only yesterday.
-
- The entire recorded history of human
civilization occurs in the last 30 seconds of that year.
-
- If you look carefully at the last day,
December 31st, it was not until 9:00 P.M. that day that the first hominoids
appeared walking upright. At 11.58 P.M.,
just 2 minutes before midnight homo-sapiens invented agriculture.
-
- 11 seconds ago the Egyptians built the
pyramids. 1 second ago Kepler and
Galileo were convinced that the Earth orbited the Sun and that the Earth was
NOT the center of the Universe.
-
- My kids were born 50 milliseconds ago, and my
entire lifetime is but a blink of an eye.
-
------------------------------------------------------
- OTHER REVIEWS
AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST.
-
- (1) - Review 37 - Deriving Time Dilation from the Pythagorean
Theorem.
- (2) - 368 - Time Come to Us in Particles - Planck Time.
- (3) - 2013 - Think about time, what time is. This Review lists 14 other reviews that are about
time. A complex subject when you really think
about it.
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------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
-
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------------------------- Tuesday, April 24, 2018
--------------------------------
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