- 2056 - The
History of Energy in the Universe. Some
13,700,000,000 years ago the whole Universe was squeezed into a singularity
that was infinitely dense and infinitely hot with energy. The force of all this
creation appears to be God and gravity.
Ironically gravity is the weakest force. The electromagnetic force is 10^36 times
stronger than gravity. The law of
conservation of energy tells us that energy is always conserved. All of this to get to us
-
---------------------------------- 2056 - The History of Energy in the Universe
-
-
-
- Some
13,700,000,000 years ago the whole Universe was squeezed into a singularity
that was infinitely dense and infinitely hot with energy. The laws of physics, the theory of
relativity, and the mathematics in general do not handle infinities very
well. Infinite density, infinite
temperature, infinite spacetime curvature, all made the equations
meaningless. So, we start the Universe
at 10^-43 seconds, that is:
-
----------------
0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001 seconds.
-
- Before then, we have no theory of what
happened.
-
- The force of
all this creation appears to be God and gravity. Ironically gravity is the weakest force. It is 10^33 times weaker than the other three
forces yet it has another property. It
works over infinite distances and it increases with mass, up to the mass of the
Universe. This property is what caused
gravity to prevail in the beginning of the Universe. We are not certain it will continue to
prevail from this day forward.
-
- The
electromagnetic force is 10^36 times stronger than gravity. (That’s 1 followed
by 36 zeros). However, it is less
powerful for the fact that electric charges come in both positive and negative
versions. When you have the two together
they neutralize each other and no force exists with this neutral charge.
-
- The Strong
force exists inside the nucleus of atoms.
The quarks that make up protons and neutrons inside the nucleus carry a
“color charge” which is affected by the Strong force. Electrons, neutrinos, and photons do not
carry a color charge and are unaffected by the Strong force. The Strong force is 10^38 times stronger than
gravity but works over the limited distances across the width of an atom.
-
- The Weak
force is responsible for holding neutrons together. During radioactive decay the Weak force
breaks down and the neutron divides into a proton and an electron while
emitting gamma ray radiation. The Weak
force is 10^5, 100,000 times weaker than the Strong force. It is 10^33 times stronger than gravity.
-
- In the cosmos
the Weak force along with gravity affect Dark Matter. However, Dark Matter does not feel the Strong
force or the Electromagnetic force.
-
- Each of these
four forces are carried by elementary particles, force carriers. The force carriers are exchanged between
particles to create the force between them.
Photons are the force carriers for the electric and magnetic
forces. Gravitons are the force carriers
for gravity. Gluons carry the Strong
force between protons and neutrons.
Vector bosons carrier the Weak force in neutrons.
-
- Energy is
contained in the mass of each of these particles and each of these force
carriers. Energy = mass * speed of light
squared. If a proton mass was converted
to energy it would equal 1,000,000,000 electron volts, 1 billion eV. ( see footnote 1). This energy value becomes a good reference
point. One billion electron volts is the
amount of energy to lift a single grain of sand one centimeter off the surface
of the Earth.
-
- Using the
proton and 1 billion electron volts as a reference we can scale all the energy
in the Universe:
-
-------------- Proton =
1, or 10^0 (10 to the zero power is 1)
-
-------------- Microwave
background radiation = 0.000000000000000000000000001, 10^-27
-
-------------- Photons
of starlight = 0.000000001,
10^-9
-
-------------- Gamma
rays = 0.003 (.003 billion eV)
-
-------------- Lifting
a cup of coffee = 10,000,000,000, 10^10 billion eV
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---------------
Daily human calorie intake = 100,000,000,000,000,000
-
-------------- The
atomic bomb = 10^23.5
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-------------- Daily
sunlight = 10^29
-
--------------
Energy to sterilize Earth = 10^38
-
-------------- Formation
of the Moon = 10^40
-
-------------- Formation
of a planet = 10^42
-
-------------- Formation
of a star = 10^51
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-------------- Supernova
explosion = 10^53
-
-------------- Formation
of a galaxy = 10^61
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-------------- Formation
of a black hole = 10^68
-
-------------- Energy
content of the Universe = 10^80 billion electron volts
-
- The law of
conservation of energy tells us that energy is always conserved. It can be transformed from one form to
another but it never disappears. A star
is born from an interstellar cloud requiring 10^51 billion electron volts. The star radiates that same amount of energy
over its lifetime in photons of radiation.
-
- In addition
to the law of conservation of energy there is a law of entropy which states
that the amount of disorder in a system, or in the Universe, always increases,
it never decreases. To illustrate: An ice cube in your drink cools the drink
because heat always flow in one direction, from hot to cold. The energy is conserved but it only flows
from hot to cold. You will never create
an ice cube in your drink on its own. A
larger system would need to be introduced to the system in order to freeze the
drink, but entropy would still exist in the larger system. There is no way to avoid entropy in a total
system.
-
- Our Universe
has enormous entropy content, or a very high degree of disorder. Entropy in the Observable Universe is 10^88,
approximately equal to the number of particles in thermal equilibrium in the
Universe. The total number of protons in
the Universe is 10^78, 10 billion times smaller. This large ratio implies that the Universe
will live a very long time before reaching thermal equilibrium and total
entropy.
-
- A system
exhibits “chaos” if it shows extreme sensitivity to initial conditions. A system exhibits “complexity” if it has a
delicate compromise between simplicity and randomness. Complex systems store a great deal of
information but not as much as pure randomness.
In pure randomness every point must be specified in order to define a
pattern. So randomness requires the
maximum quantity of information. Its
quality of disorder however is highly
unsatisfying.
-
- Living
biological systems cannot have too much simplicity and they must not be
random. They exist in the delicate
balance of complexity. Our Universe is
both chaos and complex at the same time in its structure.
-
- In our
initial time-step for our Universe, 10^-43 seconds, the Universe was a sphere
the size of a proton, 10^-13 centimeters diameter. In order to explain its homogeneous and
isotropic character that we observe, the Universe might have experienced a
rapid inflation, an increasing in size by a factor of 10^28. (For a comparison number, the total number of
stars in the Observable Universe is 10^23).
-
- When light
was first released from this sphere it had grown to 300,000 light years in
diameter. This light is what we now see
today as cosmic background radiation. At
this point it had grown by a factor of 10^28.
-
- Our
Observable Universe today is 10^28 centimeters across. The smallest mathematical distance is called
the Planck length and it is 10^-33 centimeters.
So in Planck lengths our Universe is 10^61 Planck lengths across.
-
- Dark Energy,
or Vacuum Energy, that exists in empty space is the cause for our expanding
Universe. When you deal with particles
of extremely small size (atomic size) they appear wavy, not point
particles. Even in empty space these
wavy particles are flickering in and out of existence. These virtual particles can endow the vacuum
of space with an effective energy density.
This energy density, or negative pressure, is counteracting gravity and
forcing the Universe to expand with increasing acceleration. The Dark Energy occupies 70% of the
Universe. The remaining 30% is matter,
but 25% of that is Dark Matter. That
leaves 5% for the ordinary matter in the Universe that we can see.
-
-------------------------- 4% are baryons, or, ordinary matter
-
-------------------------- 0.3% are neutrinos
-
-------------------------- 0.5% are stars
-
-------------------------- 0.005% is radiation
-
- The cosmic background microwave radiation is the
same form as any Blackbody radiation.
When any collection of radiation particles reaches equilibrium the
number of photons at each possible energy lever follows a well defined
distribution, the Blackbody Curve. Today
the microwave radiation is 2.73 degrees Kelvin, -273 degrees C.
-
- During the
Inflation era of the early Universe the vacuum energy was 10^16 billion
electron volts. Today this energy is
10^-11.5 electron volts. It is 3*10^27
times smaller. We are at a transition
point in the life of the Universe.
-
- From the beginning, or the end of inflation,
10^-37 seconds, to today, 3*10^17 seconds it was under normal expansion. With the transition to vacuum energy being
the dominate force in the Universe it is accelerating its expansion. This is in contrast to gravity slowing down
the expansion. If the Universe were not
accelerating the speed of light would continue to expand our Observable
Universe and more stars and galaxies would come into view. Since the Universe is accelerating our
horizons will shrink in the future. Even
the most distant galaxies that we can now see will eventually fade from view.
-
- The laws of
physics help us define the four fundamental forces, the three families of
fundamental particles and how stars, galaxies, planets and people exist in this
structure. Our current Universe does
contain horizons beyond which we can not see, 13.7 billion lightyears is our
current limit. What we see is:
-
-------- 3
families of fundamental particles
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-------- 4
fundamental forces
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-------- 6
leptons and 6 quarks
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--------
100,000,000 galaxy clusters
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--------
100,000,000,000 galaxies
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--------
100,000,000,000,000,000 black holes, 10^17
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-------- 10^23
stars
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-------- 10^24
planets
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-------- 10^61
age of Universe in Planck time, 10^-43
seconds
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-------- 10^61
size of Universe in Planck lengths, 10^-33
centimeters
-
-------- 10^78
protons
-
-------- 10^87
photons
-
-------- 10^87
neutrinos
-
-------- 10^88
entropy of the Universe
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-------- 1 life
form, that‘s us. -------------------------------
-
- Can you believe
that. That is a lot of work for just one
us. God sure made us special. Of course I think my kids are special. Maybe God thinks the same about us?
-
------------------------------------------------
-
- (1) The rest mass of a proton is actually 0.938272 billion eV, but that is close enough
to 1 for our purposes
-
-------------------------------------
----
Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
---
Some reviews are at:
--------------
http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
--
email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
-
to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net
------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
-
https://plus.google.com/u/0/ -- www.facebook.com -- www.twitter.com
------------------------- Monday, April 9, 2018
--------------------------------
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