Monday, April 9, 2018

The History of Energy in the Universe



- 2056   -  The History of Energy in the Universe.  Some 13,700,000,000 years ago the whole Universe was squeezed into a singularity that was infinitely dense and infinitely hot with energy. The force of all this creation appears to be God and gravity.  Ironically gravity is the weakest force.   The electromagnetic force is 10^36 times stronger than gravity.  The law of conservation of energy tells us that energy is always conserved.  All of this to get to us
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----------------------------------  2056   -  The History of Energy in the Universe
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-  Some 13,700,000,000 years ago the whole Universe was squeezed into a singularity that was infinitely dense and infinitely hot with energy.  The laws of physics, the theory of relativity, and the mathematics in general do not handle infinities very well.  Infinite density, infinite temperature, infinite spacetime curvature, all made the equations meaningless.  So, we start the Universe at 10^-43 seconds,  that is:
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----------------   0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001 seconds. 
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-   Before then, we have no theory of what happened.
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-  The force of all this creation appears to be God and gravity.  Ironically gravity is the weakest force.  It is 10^33 times weaker than the other three forces yet it has another property.  It works over infinite distances and it increases with mass, up to the mass of the Universe.  This property is what caused gravity to prevail in the beginning of the Universe.  We are not certain it will continue to prevail from this day forward.
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-  The electromagnetic force is 10^36 times stronger than gravity. (That’s 1 followed by 36 zeros).  However, it is less powerful for the fact that electric charges come in both positive and negative versions.  When you have the two together they neutralize each other and no force exists with this neutral charge.
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-  The Strong force exists inside the nucleus of atoms.  The quarks that make up protons and neutrons inside the nucleus carry a “color charge” which is affected by the Strong force.  Electrons, neutrinos, and photons do not carry a color charge and are unaffected by the Strong force.  The Strong force is 10^38 times stronger than gravity but works over the limited distances across the width of an atom.
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-  The Weak force is responsible for holding neutrons together.  During radioactive decay the Weak force breaks down and the neutron divides into a proton and an electron while emitting gamma ray radiation.  The Weak force is 10^5, 100,000 times weaker than the Strong force.  It is 10^33 times stronger than gravity.
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-  In the cosmos the Weak force along with gravity affect Dark Matter.  However, Dark Matter does not feel the Strong force or the Electromagnetic force.
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-  Each of these four forces are carried by elementary particles, force carriers.  The force carriers are exchanged between particles to create the force between them.  Photons are the force carriers for the electric and magnetic forces.  Gravitons are the force carriers for gravity.  Gluons carry the Strong force between protons and neutrons.  Vector bosons carrier the Weak force in neutrons.
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-  Energy is contained in the mass of each of these particles and each of these force carriers.  Energy = mass * speed of light squared.  If a proton mass was converted to energy it would equal 1,000,000,000 electron volts, 1 billion eV.  ( see footnote 1).  This energy value becomes a good reference point.  One billion electron volts is the amount of energy to lift a single grain of sand one centimeter off the surface of the Earth.
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-  Using the proton and 1 billion electron volts as a reference we can scale all the energy in the Universe:
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--------------  Proton                                  =             1, or 10^0  (10 to the zero power is 1)
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--------------  Microwave background radiation  =  0.000000000000000000000000001, 10^-27
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--------------  Photons of starlight              =              0.000000001,     10^-9
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--------------  Gamma rays                         =              0.003      (.003 billion eV)
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--------------  Lifting a cup of coffee         =            10,000,000,000,     10^10 billion eV
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---------------  Daily human calorie intake  =         100,000,000,000,000,000
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--------------  The atomic bomb                  =         10^23.5
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--------------  Daily sunlight                       =         10^29
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--------------   Energy to sterilize Earth     =         10^38
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--------------  Formation of the Moon       =         10^40
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--------------  Formation of a planet          =         10^42
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--------------  Formation of a star             =          10^51
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--------------  Supernova explosion          =         10^53
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--------------  Formation of a galaxy        =        10^61
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--------------  Formation of a black hole  =        10^68
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--------------  Energy content of the Universe     =      10^80   billion electron volts
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-  The law of conservation of energy tells us that energy is always conserved.  It can be transformed from one form to another but it never disappears.  A star is born from an interstellar cloud requiring 10^51 billion electron volts.  The star radiates that same amount of energy over its lifetime in photons of radiation.
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-  In addition to the law of conservation of energy there is a law of entropy which states that the amount of disorder in a system, or in the Universe, always increases, it never decreases.  To illustrate:  An ice cube in your drink cools the drink because heat always flow in one direction, from hot to cold.  The energy is conserved but it only flows from hot to cold.  You will never create an ice cube in your drink on its own.  A larger system would need to be introduced to the system in order to freeze the drink, but entropy would still exist in the larger system.  There is no way to avoid entropy in a total system.
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-  Our Universe has enormous entropy content, or a very high degree of disorder.  Entropy in the Observable Universe is 10^88, approximately equal to the number of particles in thermal equilibrium in the Universe.  The total number of protons in the Universe is 10^78,   10 billion times smaller.  This large ratio implies that the Universe will live a very long time before reaching thermal equilibrium and total entropy.
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-  A system exhibits “chaos” if it shows extreme sensitivity to initial conditions.  A system exhibits “complexity” if it has a delicate compromise between simplicity and randomness.  Complex systems store a great deal of information but not as much as pure randomness.  In pure randomness every point must be specified in order to define a pattern.  So randomness requires the maximum quantity of information.  Its quality of disorder  however is highly unsatisfying.
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-  Living biological systems cannot have too much simplicity and they must not be random.  They exist in the delicate balance of complexity.  Our Universe is both chaos and complex at the same time in its structure.
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-  In our initial time-step for our Universe, 10^-43 seconds, the Universe was a sphere the size of a proton, 10^-13 centimeters diameter.  In order to explain its homogeneous and isotropic character that we observe, the Universe might have experienced a rapid inflation, an increasing in size by a factor of 10^28.  (For a comparison number, the total number of stars in the Observable Universe is 10^23).
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-  When light was first released from this sphere it had grown to 300,000 light years in diameter.  This light is what we now see today as cosmic background radiation.  At this point it had grown by a factor of 10^28. 
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-  Our Observable Universe today is 10^28 centimeters across.  The smallest mathematical distance is called the Planck length and it is 10^-33 centimeters.  So in Planck lengths our Universe is 10^61 Planck lengths across.
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-  Dark Energy, or Vacuum Energy, that exists in empty space is the cause for our expanding Universe.  When you deal with particles of extremely small size (atomic size) they appear wavy, not point particles.  Even in empty space these wavy particles are flickering in and out of existence.  These virtual particles can endow the vacuum of space with an effective energy density.  This energy density, or negative pressure, is counteracting gravity and forcing the Universe to expand with increasing acceleration.  The Dark Energy occupies 70% of the Universe.  The remaining 30% is matter, but 25% of that is Dark Matter.  That leaves 5% for the ordinary matter in the Universe that we can see.
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--------------------------  4% are baryons, or, ordinary matter
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--------------------------  0.3% are neutrinos
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--------------------------  0.5% are stars
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--------------------------  0.005% is radiation
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- The cosmic background microwave radiation is the same form as any Blackbody radiation.  When any collection of radiation particles reaches equilibrium the number of photons at each possible energy lever follows a well defined distribution, the Blackbody Curve.  Today the microwave radiation is 2.73 degrees Kelvin, -273 degrees C.
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-  During the Inflation era of the early Universe the vacuum energy was 10^16 billion electron volts.  Today this energy is 10^-11.5 electron volts.  It is 3*10^27 times smaller.  We are at a transition point in the life of the Universe.
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-   From the beginning, or the end of inflation, 10^-37 seconds, to today, 3*10^17 seconds it was under normal expansion.  With the transition to vacuum energy being the dominate force in the Universe it is accelerating its expansion.  This is in contrast to gravity slowing down the expansion.  If the Universe were not accelerating the speed of light would continue to expand our Observable Universe and more stars and galaxies would come into view.  Since the Universe is accelerating our horizons will shrink in the future.  Even the most distant galaxies that we can now see will eventually fade from view.
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-  The laws of physics help us define the four fundamental forces, the three families of fundamental particles and how stars, galaxies, planets and people exist in this structure.  Our current Universe does contain horizons beyond which we can not see, 13.7 billion lightyears is our current limit.  What we see is:
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--------  3 families of fundamental particles
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--------  4 fundamental forces
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--------  6 leptons and 6 quarks
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--------  100,000,000 galaxy clusters
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--------  100,000,000,000 galaxies
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--------  100,000,000,000,000,000 black holes,       10^17
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--------  10^23 stars
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--------  10^24 planets
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--------  10^61 age of Universe in Planck time,      10^-43 seconds
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--------  10^61 size of Universe in Planck lengths,    10^-33 centimeters
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--------  10^78 protons
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--------  10^87 photons
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--------  10^87 neutrinos
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--------  10^88 entropy of the Universe
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--------  1 life form,  that‘s us.   -------------------------------
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-  Can you believe that.  That is a lot of work for just one us.   God sure made us special.  Of course I think my kids are special.  Maybe God thinks the same about us?
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-  (1)  The rest mass of a proton is actually   0.938272 billion eV, but that is close enough to 1 for our purposes
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 -------------------------   Monday, April 9, 2018   --------------------------------




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