- 3115 - ANTIMATTER - created for research. - When the Universe first formed some 14 billion years ago an equal amount of matter and antimatter were formed. Somehow the two sets of particles got separated and we got lucky and ended up on the matter side of the equation. However, if the two particles ever come back together they annihilate each other back to pure energy again. Not good for us.
---------------------- 3115 - ANTIMATTER - created for research.
- Antimatter will self destruct if it touches matter and it should have caused the destruction of the universe just moments after the Big Bang, but it didn’t. It does still exists.
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- It has been historically challenging for scientists to catch enough antimatter, and hold onto it for long enough to truly study it. Until now.
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- New research from a CERN-based ALPHA (anti-hydrogen Laser Physics Apparatus) collaboration has demonstrated for the first time how lasers can be used to slow down anti-hydrogen atoms, cooling them to near absolute zero (nearly -460 Fahrenheit) and making it possible to finally make precise measurements of these volatile anti-particles.
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- Scientists have been attempting to capture and experiment on antimatter for decades, but finding the right tool to properly corral these atoms has been difficult because particle decelerators (a particle accelerator’s ice-cold cousin) and dense gas clouds that might hold other types of matter steady can easily cause the annihilation of antimatter.
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- The research team turned to a neutral medium, photons, for this experiment. Because a photon is made of pure energy, researchers can use photons to interact with antimatter particles without triggering their destruction.
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- By using an ultraviolet laser tuned precisely to the energy of these anti-hydrogen atoms, the researchers were able to decelerate these atoms by 6 times their initial speeds using lasers.
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- The results immediately open up two important areas of antimatter research: It tell us about how the universe began, and why the universe we see today is not what it should be.
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- When the universe came into existence, just after the Big Bang, it should’ve contained equal amounts of both antimatter and matter, creating symmetry in the universe, an antiparticle for every particle.
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- Because matter and antimatter annihilate on impact by essentially canceling out each other’s charge and spin and creating a massive amount of energy in their place, this could have ended the universe as soon as it began.
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- Why didn’t it, and why is our universe asymmetrically full of matter instead of antimatter? Because hydrogen is matter’s most abundant element, that naturally makes anti-hydrogen an attractive candidate for scientists to study in order to get to the bottom of this mystery.
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- To make anti-hydrogen, the same CERN particle accelerators that feed protons to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) make antiprotons by slamming protons into a metal target. The resulting antiprotons are held in CERN’s Antimatter Decelerator ring and delivered to groups like ALPHA. These are then combined with positrons (the anti-electron) that can be collected from decaying radioactive sources to create an anti-hydrogen atom.
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- Antimatter has the exact same structure and properties as matter as we know it, but an opposite charge and spin. The CERN particle accelerator can produce roughly 500 to 1,000 anti-hydrogen particles over the course of 4 hours by mixing antiprotons and positrons (the opposite of an electron) together in a magnetic chamber:
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------------------- Use microwaves to bump out excess particle clutter from the apparatus, including anti-hydrogen atoms in unnecessary energy levels
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------------------ To slow down the anti-hydrogen particles scientists pulsed ultraviolet light beams on the atoms, causing them to jump to and from energy levels and slow down.
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------------------ When done just right, this process can slow down highly energetic anti-hydrogen particles with speeds of about 186 mph to just under 30 mph.
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- They are able to hold the atoms in this state for over an hour. In addition to investigating theories like the symmetry of matter and antimatter and general relativity, better control over these antimatter atoms could also allow scientists to one day even form antimatter molecules or adapt the system to better control ions for quantum information systems as well.
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- The photon which is the “quantum excitation of the electromagnetic field” is massless but carries momentum. A photon can therefore exert a force on an object upon collision. Slowing the translational motion of atoms and ions by application of such a force, known as laser cooling, was first demonstrated 40 years ago.
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- Laser cooling has revolutionized atomic physics over the decades of research, and it is now a workhorse in many fields, including studies on quantum degenerate gases, quantum information, atomic clocks and tests of fundamental physics.
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- By exciting the 1S–2P transition in anti-hydrogen with pulsed, narrow-line width, Lyman-α laser radiation, we Doppler-cool a sample of magnetically trapped anti-hydrogen.
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- The trap couples the longitudinal and transverse motions of the anti-atoms, leading to cooling in all three dimensions.
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- There is a reduction in the median transverse energy by more than an order of magnitude with a substantial fraction of the anti-atoms attaining submicro-electronvolt transverse kinetic energies.
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- The laser-driven 1S–2S transition in samples of laser-cooled anti-hydrogen atoms. The observed spectral line is approximately four times narrower than that obtained without laser cooling.
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- Laser cooling has far-reaching implications for antimatter studies. A more localized, denser and colder sample of anti-hydrogen will drastically improve spectroscopic and gravitational studies of anti-hydrogen in ongoing experiments.
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- The ability to manipulate the motion of antimatter atoms by laser light will potentially provide ground-breaking opportunities for future experiments, such as anti-atomic fountains, anti-atom interferometer and the creation of antimatter molecules. -------------------------------- Here are some more reviews about antimatter:
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- 3092 - ANTIMATTER - Teaching the Science. If you do not know the answer it must be science. Science is a process to learn answers to questions.. When you are curious about something, you observe its characteristics, you form a hypothesis, and then confirm it right or wrong with objective means.
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- 3046 - ANTIMATTER - and the Higgs Boson discoveries? Why is the universe is dominated by matter over antimatter, but there could be entire stars, and maybe even galaxies, in the universe made of antimatter. If the Universe did start out of ‘nothing” then there is equal amounts of matter and antimatter that would come back together and annihilate each other back to “nothing” again.
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- 3039 - ANTIMATTER - the opposite of normal matter? "Antimatter." is just like normal matter, with all the same properties and all the same abilities to make up atoms and molecules, except for one crucial difference: It has an opposite charge
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- 2679 - ANTIMATTER - what happens when we find it? One of the biggest mysteries in Physics remains, why is there more matter than antimatter? The Conservation of Energy tells us that at the time of the Big Bang, when matter was first created from energy, there should have been equal amounts of matter and antimatter created.
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- 2562 - ANTIMATTER - mystery in physics? Why is there more matter than antimatter? The Conservation of Energy tells us that at the time of the Big Bang, when matter was first created from energy, there should have been equal amounts of matter and antimatter created. When matter and antimatter come back together again they annihilate each other and everything returns back to energy again, according to E=mc^2, Energy is Conserved.
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- 2561 - ANTIMATTER BLACKHOLES - what happens when they meet? Antimatter is not science fiction, it is all around us. Antimatter is a mass that has the opposite electric charge but otherwise is exactly the same as ordinary matter, its counterpart. What makes antimatter fascinating is that when it meets up with matter the two annihilate each other back into energy, according to E = mc^2.
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- 2560 - ANTIMATTER - is all around us? Anti-matter is a term that most people relate to science fiction. It is the ultimate fuel used to power space ships traveling at near light speed. Few people realize that anti-matter is all around us, all the time, everyday. Anti-matter is created naturally in nature through radioactivity.
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- 2376 - ANTI-MATTER - Why does it exist? Present theory suggests that if particles outnumbered antiparticles in the Big Bang by as little as one part in 100 million, then the present universe could be explained by those extra particles that were not annihilated by an antiparticle counterpart.
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- 2244 - Matter is a mystery that we do not know how to explain. When the Big Bang occurred, our standard model predicts that there should have been an equal amount of matter and antimatter created. If it all came from nothing it has to add up to nothing. There needs to be equal amounts of matter and antimatter.
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- 1892 - Energy is converted into matter every day in our upper atmosphere.
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- 1746 - Does antimatter really exist?
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- 1393 - Does antimatter really exist? We know that the center of our Milky Way Galaxy is still producing antimatter, and the resulting Gamma Rays.
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- 1303 - Why look for antimatter in he Antarctic.
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- 1272 - Teaching the science of antimatter.
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- 1149 - Why does matter outnumber antimatter?
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- 971 - Notes from lecture about the Standard Linear Accelerator lecture on antimatter.
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- 607 - Antimatter is all around us.
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- April 1, 2021 ANTIMATTER - created for research. 3115
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