- 3119 - ENERGY - Mass and Radiation. Mass-energy can neither be created or destroyed. What we have today has existed exactly the same since the Big Bang 13,700,000,000 years ago The universe started with nothing and ends up with nothing.
- The energy in all electromagnetic radiation is simply “Planck’s Constant of Action” times the frequency of the oscillation of the radiation. Planck’s Constant is 4.1356692*10^-15 electron-volt*seconds. To simplify calculations I will use h = 10^-15 eV*sec. Therefore:
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----------------- Energy = 10^-15 * Frequency.
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----------------- Electronvolts = 10^-15 eV * sec * cycles / sec
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- 10^-15 electronvolts is a very, very small amount of energy. A single electronvolt is about what your eye receives in the retina to fire the optic nerve.
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- Microwaves have a frequency of 10^10 cycles per second. A wavelength of 0.03 meters and an Energy of 10^-5 electronvolts.
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------------------- Microwave Energy = 0.00001 eV
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- Visible Blue light has a frequency of 10^15 cycles per second. A wavelength of 700 nanometers (0.0000007 meters) and an Energy of 10^-15 electronvolts.
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-------------------- Light Energy = 1 eV
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- X-Rays have a frequency of 10^20 cycles per second. A wavelength of 10^-12 meters. Energy = 100,000 electronvolts.
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------------------- X-Ray Energy = 100,000 eV
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- Gamma Rays have a frequency of 10^30 cycles per second. A wavelength of 10^-22 meters. Energy = 1,000,000,000,000,000 electronvolts.
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------------------- Gamma-Ray Energy = 1,000,000,000,000,000 eV
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- So, you can see that even radiation can pack a lot of energy. This is electromagnetic energy the same as light except at much higher frequency, much, much bluer light.
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- However, a grain of salt has more energy. All matter is energy according to E = m*c^2
“c^2” is the speed of light squared and that is 9*10^16.
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---------------------- E = 90,000,000,000,000,000 * mass.
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- One kilogram of mass would have:
----------------------- E = 90,000,000,000,000,000 joules of energy, ( kilogram * meters^2 / second^2 is a joule). 1.6*10^-19 joules = 1 electronvolt.
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----------------------- E = 560,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 eV
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------------------- Energy of 2.2 pounds of matter = 5.6*10^35 eV
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- The electron is one of the smallest particles of matter. The electron only weighs 9.11*10^-31 kilograms. Converting its mass to energy:
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------------------ Energy of electron = 511,000 eV
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---------------- Mass of an electron = 511,000 eV / c^2
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- Lazy physicists always ignore the c^2 and simply say the mass of the electron is 511,000 electronvolts.
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- E = mc^2 is the energy of mass at rest, when it is not moving. If mass is moving it has additional energy of momentum. To measure Total Energy of a moving particle the formula becomes:
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------------------ E^2 = m^2*c^4 + ( momentum)^2 * c^2.
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- Momentum is mass * velocity. At relativistic speeds, that is speeds approaching the speed of light the formula for momentum becomes:
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---------------- Momentum = (1 - v^2 / c^2 )^-0.5 * mass * velocity.
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----------------- Energy = (1 - v^2 / c^2 )^-0.5 * m*c^2
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- “-0.5” is the exponent for the reciprocal of the square root. The term is called “Gamma”. See Review 3118 “ Light Bending Around the Sun” for an explanation of Gamma
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- When velocity , “v”, approaches light speed the mass approaches infinity. That is the reason no mass can go at light speed. That is the Cosmic Speed Limit. Nothing can go faster than the speed of light.
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---------------- Momentum = Gamma * m * v
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----------------- Energy = Gamma * m * c^2
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- We normally do not think of mass and energy as being the same thing, interchangeable. But, even in everyday chemical processes there are tiny changes in mass which correspond to the energy released or absorbed in a process.
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- When chemists talk about the conservation of mass, they mean the sum of the masses of the atoms involved does not change. however, the masses of the molecules are slightly smaller than the sum of the masses of the atoms they contain. Actually, that is what holds molecules together. If we look at the actual molecular masses we find tiny mass changes do occur in any chemical reaction.
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- In Particle Accelerators energy can produce new matter. A photon is pure energy, it is massless but has kinetic energy moving at the speed of light. In the presence of charged particles a photon can change into a massive particle and its matching massive anti-particle. The extra charged particle has to be there to absorb a little energy and more momentum, otherwise such a process could not conserve both energy and momentum.
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------------------ E^2 = m^2*c^4 + ( momentum)^2 * c^2 must be conserved,
mass-energy can neither be created or destroyed. What we have today has existed exactly the same since the Big Bang 13,700,000,000 years ago.
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- The universe started with nothing and ends up with nothing. Somehow we got stuck in the middle. Go figure.
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- April 10, 2021 ENERGY mass and radiation 1054 3118
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--------------------- --- Saturday, April 10, 2021 ---------------------------
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