- 3124 - LIGHT - standing on a light beam? The electromagnetic force carried by photons is basically light. It is these light photons that travel between the electrons and the protons in the nucleus of atoms. So, you could say that light beams are holding you at the surface of the Earth. It is the light between the atomic particles that is holding you up.
----------------------- 3124 - LIGHT - standing on a light beam?
- Einstein’s equations for relativity created a problem for cosmologists. Cosmology is the study of the evolution of the Universe. If gravity was the only long range force in the Universe then his equations would cause the Universe to collapse.
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- The electromagnetic force is long range but it comes in both positive and negative , north and south, versions that in the ultimate cancel each other out. The Universe is electrically and magnetically neutral. There is no net force due to electromagnetic energy.
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- If gravity were the only force the Universe would eventually stop expanding, reverse directions and end up in a Big Crunch. To use Einstein’s trampoline analogy: Spacetime is curved by the presence of mass.
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- This is in 4 dimensions, and hard to visualize. So, in 2 dimensions imagine space and time as a giant trampoline with a bowling ball sinking into the center of the trampoline causing a dimple in the trampoline. This dimple represents gravity causing other masses to fall into the funnel.
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- The problem is that all the bowling balls would start rolling into each other’s dimple causing a bigger dimple that would collect more bowling balls, until all the bowling balls disappeared into a giant dimple that becomes a Black Hole.
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- Einstein was disturbed by this eventuality. Reality to him was that the Universe was static, neither expanding nor contracting. Certainly nothing was collapsing. So, he played a mathematical trick with his equations and added another term called the “cosmological constant”
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- Cosmological because it pervaded the entire cosmos. Constant because it was the same strength everywhere in the Universe. The cosmological constant allowed him to represent an inherent pressure that existed in empty space that pushed the Universe apart just enough to offset the collapse of the universe due to gravity.
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- Einstein “invented” the anti-gravity that exactly balanced the gravity that existed. At the time he had no evidence that an anti-gravity force actually existed.
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- In 1998 astronomers determined that the Universe was not only expanding it was accelerating in its rate of expansion. The Universe was heading for a Big Chill. What was causing this expansion? Another force must be overcoming gravity. They called it Dark Energy.
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- Dark Energy could be characterized by Einstein’s original cosmological constant. Of course, Einstein needed it to balance gravity and keep the Universe static. But, with a positive cosmological constant greater than gravity it could be what is expanding causing the Universe to expand at an ever accelerating rate.
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- Mass causes space time to become a curved surface. Mass tells gravity how to behave. When space time is bent into a giant dimple mass is constantly free falling into it. We are constantly falling towards the center of Earth that is what holds us on the surface. Action equals reaction so just as much as we are being pulled down by gravity the rock at Earth’s surface is pushing up on our feet.
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- Rock is made of atoms and atoms are mostly empty space. The nuclei and electrons in atoms are very small particles. There is very little mass there to hold you up. There is mostly empty space between small particles.
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- It is the electromagnetic force between the particles that holds them together. It is photons that are carrying the electromagnetic force. So, there is really nothing material that keeps your feet from passing thorough the rock to the center of the Earth.
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- The electromagnetic force carried by photons is basically light. It is these light photons that travel between the electrons and the protons in the nucleus of atoms. So, you could say that light beams are holding you at the surface of the Earth. It is the light between the atomic particles that is holding you up.
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- All the rock was created in the nuclear furnace of exploding stars - but that is another story. All the rock is held together by the electromagnetic waves. Light is an electromagnetic wave.
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- Light is interdependent mutually perpendicular transverse oscillations of an electric wave and a magnetic wave alternating and moving forward at 186,000 miles per second. What a mouthful!
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- At the quantum level light is little bundles of these wave packets, that are called photons. To get the energy of a photon multiple its frequency of oscillation by 4.136*10^-15 electron volts.
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- For example: violet light has a wavelength of 390 nanometers.
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------------ Frequency = velocity of light / wavelength = 3*10^8 m/sec / 390*10^-9 m = 770 * 10^12 cycles per second.
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-------------- Energy = 770 terahertz * 4.146*10^-15 eV = 3.185 electron volts.
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- The sum total of all these photons in the atoms of the rocks and the atoms in your feet that is what holds you up from falling to the center of the Earth. Essentially you are standing on a light beam.
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- April 12, 2021 LIGHT - standing on a light beam? 767 3124
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--------------------- --- Thursday, April 15, 2021 ---------------------------
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