- 2090 - We do not fully understand blackholes but we have some
theories. Now, comes a theory I would
never expect; a theory for whiteholes. Whiteholes are
theoretically the exact opposites of blackholes. They could constitute a major portion of the
mysterious dark matter that's thought to make up most of the matter in the
universe.
-
-
-
----------------------------- 2090
- Blackholes and Whiteholes
-
- Blackholes, are the beasts in astronomy. They devour everything that comes close to them. Anything that enters a blackhole, even the
smallest atom, never escapes. Everything inside the blackhole gets crushed into
a single dot called a singularity.
-
- However, spewing out the poles of a spinning
blackhole may be the elements for life.
The heavier elements created by the intense gravity and radiation are
formed and spewed out the poles to seed the universe. These elements later coalesce to become new stars
and planets to create the solar systems like the one we live in.
-
- We do not fully understand blackholes but
that is some of the theories we have so far.
Now, comes a theory I would never expect, whiteholes. Whiteholes are theoretically the exact
opposites of blackholes. They could constitute a major portion of the
mysterious dark matter that is thought to make up most of the matter in the
universe. And, some of these bizarre whiteholes may even predate the Big Bang.
-
- First let's discuss blackholes and then change
colors to learn about what these mysterious whiteholes are doing in our
universe. These mystery objects should
keep astronomers and scientists busy for a long time.
-
-
Blackholes possess gravitational pulls so powerful that not even light,
the fastest thing in the universe, can escape. The invisible spherical boundary
surrounding the core of a blackhole, the event horizon, marks its point of no return. Whereas nothing can escape from a blackhole's
event horizon, nothing can enter a whitehole's event horizon.
-
-
Monster blackholes hide in the centers of most
galaxies in the universe, and now, a new technique is helping scientists
measure the mass of some of the very largest blackholes, even when they lie at
the centers of very faint, distant galaxies.
-
- Based on
decades of galactic observations, astronomers now theorize that the heart of
nearly every large galaxy contains a supermassive blackhole. These monstrous
beasts can be millions or billions of times more massive than our Sun. Blackholes
don't radiate or reflect light and can't be seen directly. But as the gravity draws
in dust and gas from the surrounding galaxy, it creates a swirling disk of material
that falls into the blackhole. That infalling material heats up and begins to
radiate light, making the blackhole indirectly visible.
-
- In some cases, the light from these disks
becomes brighter than all of the stars in the galaxy. These incredibly bright
galaxies are then called "active galactic nuclei". The brightest
galaxies are called "quasars", indicating the presence of a
supermassive blackhole at its center.
-
- Blackholes
have only three measurable properties: mass,
spin and charge. Astronomers can calculate
the mass by observing how groups of stars and gas move around the galactic
center. But, distant galaxies lie so far
away that telescopes can't resolve the stars and clouds of material orbiting
around the blackhole.
-
- A new
technique known as reverberation mapping has made it possible for astronomers
to measure the masses of these center blackholes. The brightness of the
radiating gas in the outer region of the galaxy is compared with the brightness
of the gas found in the inner region of the galaxy. The gas in the inner region
affects the fast moving gas farther out. However, light takes time to travel
outward, or reverberate, causing a delay between the changes seen in the inner
region and their effect on the outer region.
-
- Measuring this delay reveals how far away the outer
disk of gas is from the blackhole. Coupled with its rotation rate around the
galaxy gives the astronomers enough data to calculate the mass concentrated at the center..
-
- An individual
galaxy must be studied over and over again for several months. By measuring reverberation time delays for 44
quasars astronomers have calculated blackhole masses ranging from 5 million to
1.7 billion times the mass of Earth's Sun.
-
- One way to
gain insights on blackhole growth is to look at blackholes on the verge of
merging with one another. Astronomers have analyzed the center of a giant
elliptical galaxy located about 750 million light-years from Earth. In 2006,
they found that the galaxy's core apparently holds two supermassive blackholes
orbiting one another.
-
- Judging by
the gravitational effects these blackholes had on their surroundings, the two
behemoths harbor a combined mass about 15 billion times that of the Sun. These
blackholes are likely only about 24 lightyears apart.
-
- The presence
of these giant blackholes so close together suggests that the galaxy in which
they lie resulted from dozens of galaxies merging sometime in the past. This
raises the possibility that the two black holes themselves might one day merge
as well. One of the blackholes is moving at the rate of just 1 micro-arcsecond
per year. That is about 1 billion times smaller than the smallest thing visible
with the naked eye.
-
- This may be
the smallest movement ever detected of an object across the sky. The new findings suggest that these blackholes
are orbiting each other over a span of about 30,000 years.
-
- In the past year ripples in the fabric of space and
time, known as gravitational waves, have been detected. These waves emanated
from pairs of blackholes in the final stages of their orbits of one another
before they collided. Each blackhole
must be a few dozen times the Sun's mass,
-
- Although these
supermassive blackholes are orbiting one another, they may never meet. The universe apparently continues to expand at
an accelerating rate. The pair may not
merge over the remaining age of the
universe.
-
-
Some have suggested that blackholes and whiteholes are connected,
with matter and energy falling into a blackhole potentially emerging from a whitehole either somewhere else in the cosmos or in another
universe entirely. When blackholes die, they could become whiteholes.
-
-
In the 1970s, theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking calculated
that all blackholes should evaporate mass by emitting radiation. Blackholes
that lose more mass than they gain are expected to shrink and ultimately
vanish.
-
-
However, shrinking blackholes could not disappear if the fabric of space
and time were quantum. Space-time is quantum in research that seeks to unite
general relativity, which can explain the nature of gravity, with quantum
mechanics, which can describe the behavior of all the known particles, into a
single theory that can explain all the forces of the universe.
-
-
Once a blackhole evaporated to a degree where it could not shrink any further
because space-time could not be squeezed into anything smaller, the dying blackhole
would then rebound to form a whitehole.
Maybe?
-
-
Blackholes nowadays are thought to form when massive stars die in giant
explosions known as supernovae, which compress themselves down into the
infinitely dense points known as singularities.
-
However, prior work in the 1960s and 1970s suggested that blackholes
also could have originated within a second after the Big Bang. This was caused by random fluctuations of
density in the hot, rapidly expanding newborn universe. Areas where these
fluctuations concentrated matter together could have collapsed to form
blackholes. These primordial blackholes would be much smaller than stellar-mass blackholes, and
could have died to form whiteholes within the lifetime of the universe.
-
-
Even whiteholes with microscopic diameters could still be quite massive,
just as blackholes smaller than a sand grain can weigh more than the Moon. Some
theorists suggest that these microscopic whiteholes could make up dark matter,
which is 80% of all the matter in the Universe.
-
-
Although dark
matter is thought to make up 80% of
all matter in the universe, scientists do not know what it's made of. As its
name suggests, dark matter is invisible; it does not emit, reflect or even
block light. As a result, dark matter can currently be tracked only through its
gravitational effects on normal matter that makes up all the planets, stars, and galaxies. The nature of dark matter is
currently one of the greatest mysteries in astronomy.
-
-
The local density of dark matter suggested by the motion of stars near
the Sun is about 1 percent the mass of the Sun. To account for this density one
tiny whitehole must be much smaller than a proton
-
-
These whiteholes would not emit any radiation, and because they are far
smaller than a wavelength of light, they would be invisible. If a proton did
happen to impact one of these whiteholes, the whitehole would simply bounce
away.
-
-
If a blackhole were to encounter one of these whiteholes, the result
would be a single larger blackhole. Some whiteholes in this universe might
actually predate the Big Bang. This might
help to explain why time flows only forward in this current universe and not
also in reverse.
-
- My time has run out since I am unable to make
it go backwards. Where is a whitehole
when I need one.
-
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------------------------- Sunday, May 6, 2018
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