- 2055
- Velocity
is Space/Time. . The people on the equator were traveling east at 1,038 miles
per hour. The Universe is expanding at 14 mps, or 50,400 mph for each million
light years distance. Distances to
objects in the Universe refer to their value TODAY, not the time when their
light was emitted. The edge of the
Observable Universe is actually 45 billion lightyears away even though the
Universe itself is only 13.7 billion years old.
-
-
-
---------------------------------- 2055 - Velocity is Space/Time
- Heracleides
was a Greek who ,in 350 B.C., figured out that the Earth was spinning on its
axis. Everyone on Earth is spinning east.
The people on the equator were traveling east at 1,038 miles per hour. To find out how fast you are going multiply
the cosine of your latitude by 1,038 miles per hour.
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Santa Rosa is 38 degrees, 20 minutes, and 12 seconds latitude
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122 degrees, 39 minutes, and 38 seconds longitude
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174 feet above sea level
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---------------------- 1038 mph * cosine (38.3
degrees) = 814 miles per hour
-
- Multiply by
1.47 to get feet per second = 1,194
feet in one second. In one second we
moved more than the length of 4 football fields. We do not feel it because the motion is constant. The body only perceives acceleration and
deceleration, when motion increases or decreases. The sound barrier is 700 mph, or 1,029 feet
per second. So we are breaking the sound
barrier in velocity and don’t even notice it.
-
- In 250 B.C.
Aristarchus of Samos figured out that the Earth was circling the Sun and not
the other way around, that everybody else thought. The Earth does not orbit in a perfect
circle. It has an elliptical orbit which
causes it to travel faster when it is closest to the Sun in January and slowest
when it is farthest from the Sun in July.
But the average speed is 18.5 miles per second, 66,629 miles per
hour. The distance from the Sun is not
what causes winter and summer. It is the
23 degree tilt to the Earth on its axis that creates the seasons.
-
- Harlow
Sharpley, an American astronomer, figured out that our Solar System is 2/3rds
out from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy traveling towards the constellation
Hercules at 12 miles per second, or 43,200 miles per hour. But, this turns out to be only our sideways
drift. Our Solar System is mainly moving
forward toward the bright star Deneb in the constellation Cygnus traveling 135
miles per second, or 486,000 miles per
hour. We will get to where Deneb is now
in 1,500,000 years. Of course, Deneb
will have flown off somewhere else by then.
-
- It is hard to
keep these velocities in perspective.
Velocity is the ratio of motion
in space / to duration in time. If we
normalize speeds to always miles per hour it gets a little easier.
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---------------- a person walking ---------- 4 mph
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---------------- a car on the highway---------- 65 mph
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---------------- a jet plane --------------- 600 mph
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---------------- Sun’s rotation --------------- 2,231 mph
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---------------- Pluto’s orbit -------------- 1,620 mph
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---------------- Neptune’s orbit ------------ 12,253 mph
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---------------- Uranus’ orbit ------------ 15,290 mph
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---------------- Saturn’s orbit ------------ 21,614 mph
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---------------- Jupiter’s orbit ------------
29,236 mph
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---------------- Mars’ orbit ------------ 53,979
mph
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---------------- Earth’s orbit --------------- 66,629 mph
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---------------- Venus’ orbit ----------- 78,341 mph
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---------------- Mercury’s orbit ----------- 107,088
mph
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---------------- Comet Halley ------------ 122,070 mph
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---------------- Sun’s orbit ---------- 486,000
mph
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---------------- Andromeda Galaxy ------ 288,000 mph
-
Andromeda is approaching the center of the Milky Way
at this speed. Because we are orbiting
the center too Andromeda is actually approaching us at:
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---------------- Andromeda Galaxy at us ---------- 670,000 mph
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---------------- Virgo Cluster of Galaxies --------- 2,370,000 mph
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---------------- Coma Cluster of Galaxies ------
16,000,000 mph
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- The Coma
Cluster is 350,000,000 lightyears away from us.
-
---------------- Cosmic Background Radiation ---------- nearly the speed of light, 186,282
miles per second, 18,628 miles in a tenth of a second ,or in a blink of an eye
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------------------Cosmic Background ---------------- 670,615,200 mph
-
Nothing goes faster than light. Right?
-
Well, no material thing, but space can grow faster
than light speed. The Universe is
expanding at 14 mps, or 50,400 mph for each million light years distance. Galaxies are like dots painted on a balloon
that is expanding and the dots are all moving apart from each other. So, for a galaxy that is 100 million
lightyears away we see it traveling 1,400 miles per second, or 5,040,000 miles
per hour, 0.7 % the speed of light.
-
- Ok, let’s say
the galaxy is 10 billion lightyears from us.
It is traveling 140,000 miles per second, or 504,000,000 miles per hour,
or 75% the speed of light. Then we look
in the opposite direction and we see another galaxy 10 billion light years
distant. The two galaxies are 20 billion
light years apart and separating at 1,008,000,000 or 1.5 times the speed of
light.
-
- And, the
Universe is only 13,700,000,000 years old so light could not have traveled 20
billion light years in that amount of time in the first place. Are we breaking the laws of Relativity and
traveling at faster than the speed of light?
-
- No, we are
not traveling faster than light.
Distances to objects in the Universe refer to their value TODAY, not the
time when their light was emitted. The
space between galaxies is getting bigger because the Universe is expanding in
all directions. Light traveling through
space is being stretched by this expansion.
Stretched light means it grows in longer wavelengths, lower
frequency. The Big Bang’s Gamma Rays we
see today as Cosmic Microwave Background radiation at a much lower frequency
and much longer wavelengths than when it was emitted.
-
- An object 10
billion light years away does not mean that it took light 10 billion years to
travel that distance. The total distance
in lightyears as measured TODAY is greater than the actual time of travel
multiplied by the speed of light.
-
The edge of the Observable Universe is actually 45
billion lightyears away even though the Universe itself is only 13.7 billion
years old. Relative velocities do not
make sense unless objects are relatively close together and traveling at speeds
far less than the speed of light.
Calculations in these fastest arenas require Einstein’s Theory of
Relativity. The expansion of the
Universe that is stretching space is not limited to the Theory of Relativity
and it can exceed the speed of light without breaking the Theory.
-
- Astronomers
have to keep this straight using different definitions for distance. Distance measure by the amount of light
entering a telescope is called luminosity distance. The dimmer the object the farther away it
is. Distance measured by the angular
size of an object seen through a telescope is called angular-diameter
distance. The farther away the smaller
it looks.
-
- These
definitions only agree with each other on scales where the separations are
smaller than 100 million lightyears.
Beyond this short distance limit distances of two objects located in
opposite directions relative to us cannot be added together to get their
distance of separation.
-
- Farther
galaxies mean they are traveling faster.
The galaxies farther away from us have increasingly higher velocities,
which can be calculated to be faster than the speed of light. The speed of light remains constant at 18,682
miles in the blink of an eye. Light from
the Moon reaches us in 1.3 seconds.
Light from the Sun in 8 minutes.
Light travels one foot in about a nanosecond. Light speed remains constant therefore space
must lengthen and time must slow down in order for this to happen at the fastest
velocities. But, that is another story. It is too much to ponder on just a single cup of
coffee. I need another cup.
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----------------------------------------------------------
-
- (1) #628 - Velocity - the Very Slow to the Very
Fast
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- (2) #399 - Students - Sit There Perfectly Still
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- (3) #648 - Relativity Explained.
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Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
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Some reviews are at:
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http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
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------------------------- Tuesday, May 8, 2018
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