- 2093 - Neutrinos
- What have we learned? -
Neutrinos are the smallest atomic particles. If we could see neutrinos they would be
exceptional probes into our environment. Neutrinos are produced in fusions reactions in the Sun and stars, and in radioactive decay in the earth's crust.
The ICECUBE neutrino detector at the South
Pole has over 5,000 light sensors to detect neutrinos interacting with atoms in
the ice.
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----------------------------- 2093
- Neutrinos - What have we learned?
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Neutrinos are the smallest atomic particles. If we could see neutrinos they would be
exceptional probes into our environment. Neutrino means " the little
one", they were first detected in 1956.
There are 3 varieties of neutrinos that behave the same, but all have different atomic weights. They all are electrically neutral so they
pass through matter undetected. More than 50,000,000,000,000 neutrinos pass
through your body every second. ( Review
732 for more.)
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Neutrinos are produced in fusions
reactions in the Sun and stars, and in radioactive decay in the earth's
crust. Potassium 40 in our body is one
of these natural radioactive decay elements.
Your body emits 340,000,000 neutrinos each day. The Sun emits 2*10^36 and the Earth receives
65 billion neutrinos per second per square centimeter. ( Review
630: Six sources of Neutrinos. The history of the discoveries of neutrinos
from 1927 to 2006)
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Where have all the neutrinos gone?
Neutrinos have been thought to exist since 1930. When radioactive decay added up the before
energy and the after energy a small amount was missing. Wolfgang Pauli called this missing energy the
neutrino. (1139)
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ICECUBE is a neutrino telescope built deep in the ice at the South Pole.
( Review 1219 describes how the telescope was built, how it works and what it
expects to discover.)
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There may be an undiscovered particle called the "sterile neutrino". This neutrino would interact with gravity but
not with any of the other forces. This
may explain Dark Matter that makes up 23% of the Universe. (1511)
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In order for the neutrino to be nearly massless it must have a very weak
interaction with the Higgs Field. Every
particle has a counterpart anti-particle .
The neutrino may be different and be its own anti-particle. (1589)
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In 2013 neutrinos can be routinely detected. Neutrinos are "leptons´ because they
have 1/2 spin in their angular momentum.
Neutrinos leave the Sun and reach us in 8 minutes. While reading this sentence 5,000,000 of them
passed through your thumbnail. (1608)
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Neutrinos are neutral particles that travel in a straight line. They
arrive hours ahead of light coming from supernovae explosions. The mass of these neutrinos must be very,
very small because they are traveling nearly the speed of light. Neutrino measurements show some that are accelerated
to energies above 50 trillion electron volts.
Two detections were even at 1,000 trillion electron volts. (1631)
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Particle physics is trying to reduce the Universe to as few particles as
possible. It is narrowed down to 12 particles. Three of these are neutrinos. Physicists
are searching for a violation in the Law of Conservation of mass/energy. (1814)
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Are their neutrinos that are right handed? Only a few neutrinos interact with the atoms
in your body over your entire lifetime.
Discovering sterile neutrinos may help explain the source of neutrino
mass. There are hundreds of math models working on this
problem. (1840)
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- Neutrinos
are sub-atomic particles that reside with electrons and protons at the center
of atoms. There are three types:
electron, muon, tau neutrinos. (1978)
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is an experiment that is sending neutrinos through the earth from Illinois to
the detector in South Dakota. Neutrinos
may acquire their mass through a new undiscovered type of physics. Other particles inside atoms obtain their
mass by interacting with the Higgs Field.
(2026)
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------------------------------ 2093
- Neutrinos - What have we learned?
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The ICECUBE neutrino detector at the South Pole has over 5,000 light
sensors to detect neutrinos interacting with atoms in the ice. The array of sensors is designed to plot the
direction from which the neutrinos are coming.
Astronomers then search for the origin, the source.
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Neutrinos are neutral particles and travel in a straight line. The source was a blazar, a super massive
blackhole at the center of a galaxy.
February, 1987, 25 neutrinos were detected in Japan, the U.S., and in
Russia. 3 hours later the light came
from this exploding supernova. By
November x-rays and gamma rays arrived.
All created from this star's collapse.
99% of the total explosive energy comes in the form of neutrinos.
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In September, 2017, ICECUBE detected another high energy neutrino. Then the Swift x-ray telescope detected nine
sources of x-rays coming from that same part of the sky. Two days later the Fermi space telescope
detected gamma rays coming from the same sources. Optical telescopes identified a source
brightening over the past 50 days.
Another telescope identified a blazar , a huge blackhole emitting jets
as it swallowed mass. Radio light
detections further identified the source to be the blazar.
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Gravitational waves were detected by the LIGO observatory resulting from
the merger of two blackholes.
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- Astronomers
have a whole raft of new detectors used to explore the Universe. Past the electromagnetic spectrum gravity waves
and neutrino detectors have been added to the mix. ("Neutrinos at the ends of the Earth",
Francis Halzen, October, 2015.)
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