- 2089 - In 1687 when Sir
Isaac Newton was 45 years old he detailed the laws of gravity in a simple
equation. F =
G * M1*M2 /r^2. In 1850
Jean Joseph LeVenier noticed that when using Newton’s equations for gravity to
calculate the orbit of Mercury results were a little off. - 230 years after Newton’s equations, Albert
Einstein, in 1916, came up with a more detailed equation for gravity that
included the bending of space and time in the presence of mass. Science is just
not satisfied for this accuracy in their equations. Either the equations are off making the math
off, or, the astronomers' measurements are in error.
-
-
-
----------------------------- 2089 - The
Gravity of the Details
-
- In 1687 when
Sir Isaac Newton was 45 years old he detailed the laws of gravity in a simple
equation. F =
G * M1*M2 /r^2. This equation works for most everything in
our day-to-day world. The equation was
accurate enough to put a man on the Moon in 1969. However, when we get down into the details we
need a little more accuracy. How so? It was
close enough for government work.
-
- In 1850 Jean
Joseph LeVenier noticed that when using Newton’s equations for gravity to
calculate the orbit of Mercury results were a little off. Newton’s equation:
-
--------------------- (Period of orbit)^2 =
4*Pi*(radius of orbit)^3 / G * (Mass 1 + Mass 2)
-
-------------------- “G” = the
Gravitational Constant of Gravity which is supposed to be the same everywhere
in the Universe.
-
--------------------
G = 6.67259*10^-11 meters^3/ kilogram * seconds^2
-
--------------------
Mass 1 is the mass of the Sun = 1.9891 * 10^30 kilograms
-
-------------------
Mass 2 is the mass of Mercury = 3.30 *
10^23 kilograms
-
- Mercury’s
orbit did not quite follow this equation.
Even taking into the effect of the masses of the other planets in the solar
system, which had a very small effect, Mercury’s orbit should itself rotate by 531
arc seconds over 100 years, or, 5.31 arc seconds per year. Instead, measurements had Mercury’s orbit
rotating 5.74 arc seconds per year. This
was 0.43 arc seconds per year too fast according to Newton’s equations.
-
- 230 years
after Newton’s equations, Albert Einstein, in 1916, came up with a more
detailed equation for gravity that included the bending of space and time in
the presence of mass. Using Einstein’s
equations for gravity and recalculating Mercury’s orbit was spot-on.
-
-------------
0.43 arc seconds out of 1,296,000 arc seconds
-
------------- 1
part in 3 million accuracy
-
------------- 0.33 parts in 1 million
-
-------------
No wonder most people did not notice it.
-
- Now, using
Newton’s equations improved by Einstein’s equations calculations should be
spot-on. But, little errors in the
details are showing up again. The Moon’s
orbit can be tracked with extreme accuracy because Apollo astronauts left laser
reflectors on the surface. Astronomers
can track the Moon’s orbit to within 1 centimeter.
-
------------ 1
centimeter in 384,400,000 meters
-
------------
0.26 parts in 1 billion
-
------------
0.00026 parts in 1 million
-
- After 38 years
of tracking this orbit it was determined that the Moon’s orbit is increasing by
0.06 meters per year.
-
------------
1.56 parts per billion
-
- Tidal
friction alone can explain part of this change in orbit, but, even these new
calculations are off by a factor of 3.
The Moon’s orbit around the Earth is growing larger. What about the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. The distance between Earth - Sun is roughly
93 million miles and is called one Astronomical Unit, or AU. Astronomers have determined the accuracy for
an AU out to 11 decimal places. Here it
is to 3 decimal places:
-
------------
AU = 1.496 *10^11 meters.
-
- The accuracy
of the AU depends on radar and radio ranging so it is accurate to only + or -
10 meters.
-
---------------
6.7 parts per billion.
-
- With that
accuracy of measurement astronomers still get measurements that the AU is
increasing 0.15 meters per year. The
best accuracy measurements obtained put the AU increasing at least 0.07 meters
per year.
-
--------------
0.47 parts per trillion
-
--------------
0.00047 parts per billion
-
- Science is
just not satisfied for this accuracy in their equations. Either the equations are off making the math
off, or, the measurements are in error.
Other measurements have similar errors.
-
- Pioneer 10
spacecraft was launched in 1972 and is now 96 AU from the Sun traveling at 2.5
AU per year ( 265,000 miles per hour).
According to the calculations Pioneer is 36,000 miles short of its
target location.
-
--------------
(64.2*10^11 / 58 * 10^6 ) meters / meters
-
-------------
0.11 parts per million off target.
-
- Pioneer 11
spacecraft launched in 1973 is 75 AU distance traveling 2.4 AU per year in the
opposite direction. It is 3,727miles
short of its target location.
-
------------
1.87 parts per million off target
-
------------
( 1122*10^11m / 6*10^6m)
-
- Galileo,
NEAR, and Rosetta spacecraft have made Earth flybys and their velocity
calculations have been off by 3.9, 13.5, 1.8 millimeters per second in speed
increases.
-
--------------0.3 parts per million in speed increase.
-
- The question
is do we need new physics, new equations, to explain these anomalies? In order to keep our existing equations for
gravity astronomers have had to come up with unseen Dark Matter in the
Universe. They have had to insert Dark
Matter into 25% of the Universe’s density in order to get accurate calculations
on the behavior of galaxies and the expansion of the Universe. Either there is Dark Matter in the Universe
or our equations for gravity are still not accurate enough.
-
- Maybe it is
time for someone to discover some new physics for gravity. Those gnawing details need to be
reconciled. Facts and observations are
messing with our theories. Dark Matter
and Pioneer anomalies could disappear with new equations. Or, is it something else?
-
- May
1, 2018
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-
- 2014
- Gravity is the property of space and time. This also lists 12 other reviews on the subject.
-
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----- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to
whomever is interested. ----
---
Some reviews are at:
--------------
http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
--
email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
------------------------- Tuesday, May 1, 2018
--------------------------------
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