- 1800
- Dark Energy -
Something is counter acting Gravity.
For the first 7 billion years gravity was king. Then, something else took over once expansion
reached this point. Now the Universe is expanding at an ever accelerating rate
over this next 7 billion years.
-
-
-
---------------------
1800 - Dark Energy
- Something is counter acting
Gravity
-
- Something is
causing the Universe to expand, and, at an ever accelerating rate. There must always be some force (F) that
creates acceleration (a) of a mass (m)
-
---------------------------- F =
m*a
-
- The Big Bang
birth of the Universe started from “ Nothing” and nothing exists to this
day. Add up all the matter and
anti-matter and the sum is zero, nothing again.
It all cancels out.
-
- Add up all
the gravity and anti-gravity and it should be zero as well Same with all the positive energy and
negative energy.
-
- Dark Energy
, that is the name given for “ whatever” is causing the Universe expansion to
accelerate, could be this “ negative energy” ?
-
- Does gravity
itself somehow reverse itself at Cosmic distances so the sum cancels out? Does gravity somehow shift from an attractive
force to a repulsive force when it gets stretch out to Cosmic distances?
-
- Of course,
Newton called it a force, but, Einstein said gravity was not a ‘force” at all
but simply a warping of space-time.
Falling due to gravity is simply free motion through a curvature of
space-time. Space-time is the fabric
that exists throughout the Universe. And
space-time is flexible.
-
- Space divided
by time is velocity. And, velocity is
limited to the speed of light.
-
- When anything
in the Universe begins to approach the constant speed of light, 186,000 miles
per second, space shrinks and time slows down in order to keep the ratio
constant. If the ratio of space / time
reaches that Universal constant, space goes to zero and time stops.
-
------------------------ v
= d / t
-
------------------------ velocity
= distance / time
-
- Another
possible explanation is that there are some unseen particles that create a
counteracting force of gravity “
Gravitons and Anti-gravitons” ?
-
- Whatever Dark
Energy is this thing is ripping apart the Universe. We are along for the ride for only a brief
period. Further expansion means the
Universe is becoming cooler and more rarefied until even atoms stop vibrating
and even come apart. Today the Universe
has cooled to 2.73 Kelvin, that is - 453.756 F.
It can not get much colder.
-
- Ok, for the
sake of discussion lets say we have two theories, one the modifies gravity and
the other that adds a new Dark Energy.
We say Dark Energy is the repulsive energy of “empty space”. The empty space, or the vacuum of space, is
not really empty. Instead space is
filled with “ virtual particles”. These
are particles and anti-particles that pop into and out of existence so fast
they are undetectable.
-
- These virtual
particles appear and disappear so fast they defy the laws of physics. They create and destroy energy so quickly
physics has no way to measure them or even validate their true existence. The theory is just math at this point and the
math solution is that the amount of vacuum energy should be 10^120 times larger
than the expansion we observe. That is a
big number, hard to explain, this big of an error, 1 followed by 120 zeros.
-
- The second
theory is that Dark Energy is created by an unseen particle, similar to the
Higgs Boson, particle that causes other
particles to have mass. Maybe there is
some other undiscovered particle that causes the force of anti-gravity that is
the Dark Energy?
-
- For the first
7 billion years gravity was more powerful than the power of expansion. Expansion was slowing down and large scale
galactic structures were forming.
-
- The second
period of 7 billion years, until today, after galaxies were spread lightyears
apart gravity began loosing its hold.
Expansion took over and even began accelerating in its rate of
expansion.
-
- How do we
know this? When a White Dwarf star ends
its life in a supernova explosion it occurs at a particular mass limit making
the power of the explosion specifically calculable. The brightness of the peak luminosity of the
explosion is nearly the same every time.
If the brightness is known the distance to the explosion can be
accurately calculated from the equation:
-
----------------------
Apparent Brightness = Luminosity
/ 4 * pi * ( distance )^2
-
---------------------- B
= L / 4 P
* i * d^2
-
- For
example. A Type 1a supernova explosion
is 100 times fainter than another Type 1a supernova than it is 10 times farther
away ( 10^2 = 100
).
-
- The second
measurement made is the redshift of the light spectrum. That tells astronomers how much the
wavelength has been stretched while traveling through expanding space. After measuring thousands of these supernovae
explosions astronomers can reconstruct a map of the past 10 billion years of
the Universe expansion. The conclusion
is that the Universe is accelerating its rate of expansion.
-
- Since it
takes positive energy to separate two adjacent masses the gravity holding them
together must be “ negative energy”.
-
- A falling
ball has kinetic energy. That positive
kinetic energy is exactly balanced (summed to zero ) by the negative
gravitational energy as the ball comes close to the center of the Earth.
-
- Dark Energy
must also be balanced by something for the Universe to somehow still all add up
to nothing, zero. The most accepted
theory is that Dark Energy is an inherent property of space itself. Somehow we need to get inside of space to
figure this out.
-
- One way we
are trying is to measure the sound waves in space. When the Universe first formed there were
competing forces, the expansion of light radiation and the compression of
gravity. This sine wave of oscillating
forces created “sound waves” with wavelengths 480,000,000 lightyears in
length. Called Baryon Acoustic
Oscillations, (BAO ).
-
- By measuring
the number of BAO sound waves between galaxies we can measure the distance
between them.
-
- Another
method uses gravitational lensing.
Galaxy clusters have immense gravity that bends the paths of passing
light photons Measuring multiple
clusters in this way maps out the general clumpiness of different
clusters. Enough data can map out the
distribution of mass across the Cosmos.
-
- Galaxy
Clusters can have mass 10^15 Solar Mass, or 1,000 trillion times the mass of
the Sun. By accurately measuring the
gravitational lensing the spatial distribution between galaxies can be image by
the BAO sound waves. The astronomical hope
is that more will soon be learned about the expanding Universe and the Dark
Energy that is creating it. Stay tuned
there is much more to learn.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Other reviews
available upon request:
-
- #1749 - No
matter where you go in the Universe your field of reference has everything
expanding away form you, an at ever accelerating rate.
Cosmic
Inflation requires that the Actual Universe to be much larger then the
Observable Universe. the observable is
93 billion lightyears diameter.
-
- #1516 - If the Universe density were greater then
10^-29 grams / cm3 then gravity would win over repulsion expansion. We need to find 200 times more Dark Matter in
order to reach this “ critical density”.
-
- #1499 -
Graph of Universe composition versus Redshift expansion rate.
-
- #1290 -
Calculations of the average density of the Universe. Ours is a dynamic
universe unbalanced by the mysterious Dark Energy.
-
- #1147 - Dark
Energy is not predicted by any physics we know of. Here are 3 theories that are in the works.
-
- # #1047
- Is the Universe like Swiss
Cheese?
-
- #1083 - Dark
Energy -
Equation for how fast mass would have to decrease to keep the speed of
light at 186,600 miles per second.
-
- #822 - Things
are “Dark” because we can’t see them and we don not know what they are.
-
- #756 - Dark
Energy and Cosmic Inflation
-
- More
reviews: #722, #660, then there are Dark Matter reviews , and
Cosmic Inflation reviews all available upon request.
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----- Comments
appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
--- Some
reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email
feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
--- to: ------
jamesdetrick@comcast.net
------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
-
https://plus.google.com/u/0/ -- www.facebook.com -- www.twitter.com
------------------------- Monday, May 28, 2018
--------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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