- 1895
- Everything in the Universe is
in motion. It gets more complicated than you can imagine. Let’s start with our Milky Way and work our
way around the Universe.
---------------------1895 -
Everything in the Universe is in motion.
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- The
plasma gas halo that surrounds the Milky Way Galaxy is about twice the galaxy
size and spinning in the same direction as the galaxy disk. This is a recent discovery that the gas halo
is rotating at 400,000 miles per hour while the disk itself is rotating at
540,000 miles per hour.
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This discovery was made using spectrometry to measure the wavelength
spectral line of hot oxygen atoms. The
speed of the gas moving toward us or away from us shifts the spectral lines
from their inherent frequency. The amount of shift is used to calculate the
speed. See footnote (1) to learn how this
calculation is done.
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Other paths of research have determined that 80% of the total mass in
the Universe is Dark Matter. Dark Matter
does interact with gravity but does not emit any electromagnetic spectrum. Even the 20% of Normal Matter that does emit
a spectrum has not all been found in the visible light of the galaxies. This discover of a halo of hot gas may help
account for some of the missing “ Normal Matter”.
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Of course, spinning at a constant velocity is a natural state for
everything in the Universe. Sitting here
in Starbucks in California I am spinning East
at 700 miles per hour. If we move
to the equator our velocity would be spinning at 1,000 miles per hour. That is why our rockets are fired from
Florida over the Atlantic giving them a 1,000 mile per hour boast to get into
orbit.
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At the equator on the Sun we would be spinning 4,350 miles per
hour. But, the Sun is so big it takes
24.47 days to complete one revolution.
At the poles, strangely enough, it takes longer, 26.24 days. That is because the Sun is a sphere of hot
gas and different regions rotate at different rates. The rotation rate is slow enough that
centripetal forces do not flatten out this almost perfect sphere.
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This is not the case for the star Archenar in the Constellation Eridanus
139 lightyears away. It is spinning so
fast the equator is flattened out 53% more than the polar circumference. Archenar is 7 times the mass of the Sun and
11.6 times the diameter of the Sun at the equator. While, only 7.6 times the diameter pole to
pole. The rotation rate causing this
elongation is rotating 560,000 miles per hour at the surface.
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There is a 25 Solar Mass star in the Large Magellanic Cloud , Tarantula
Nebula 160,000 lightyears away that is traveling 1,243,000 miles per hour at
its surface. If it were spinning any
faster its centripetal force would start tearing it apart into a flattened
disk.
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When a star goes supernova the gravity becomes so great at the core that
the electrons collapse into the nucleus of the atoms. The electrons collapse in to the protons
creating neutrons and a Neutron Star is formed that is only 12 miles in
diameter. The conservation of rotational
energy can spin up the Neutron Star to 700 rotations per second. The spin rate is able to be measured because
radiation blasting out the poles sweeps around like a lighthouse beacon. These Neutron Stars are referred to as “
Pulsars”.
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If the Neutron Star acquires even more mass and gravity its neutrons
will collapse further into quarks and then into a Blackhole. A super massive Blackhole gobbling up stars can
attain a spin rate that is 87% the speed of light. That spin velocity would be 583,500,000 miles
pre hour.
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(1) An example of how Redshift is
used to calculate the receding velocity of a distant galaxy. Spectroscopy is used to detect the emission
lines of the atomic hydrogen. Hydrogen
has two spectrum lines in the visible region located at these wavelengths:
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------------------------------------ 656.3 nanometers
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----------------------------------- 486.1 nanometers.
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These spectral lines are detected with a shift in frequency. Here are the measured wavelengths:
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------------------------------------- 662.9 nanometers
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------------------------------------- 491.0 nanometers.
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The wavelengths have been stretched by the expanding space over the
distance traveled. The galaxy appears to
us as receding away as the space between us gets larger and larger. The resulting percentage shift in wavelength
is referred to as the Redshift, (z).
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Redshift = (wavelength observed -
wavelength at rest) / wavelength at rest
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-------------------------- Redshift
= 662.9 nm -
656.3 nm / 656.3 nm
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-------------------------- Redshift
= 6.6 nm / 656.3
nm
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-------------------------- Redshift
= 0.01 , or,
1%
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The receding velocity of the distant galaxy would be 1% of the speed of
light
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---------------------------- v
= c * z
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----------------------- Receding velocity =
300,000 km / sec * 1%
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----------------------- Receding Velocity =
3,000 km/ sec
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---------------------- Receding Velocity =
6,710,800 miles per hour.
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The distant galaxy is moving away from us at 6.7 million miles per hour.
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(2) The expanding space is due to
the opposing forces of gravity due to mass and Dark Energy in the vacuum of
space. Dark Energy is winning. Not only is everything else not bound by
gravity spinning it is accelerating away from us.
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(3) Review #1851 -
discusses the fastest and slowest velocities from expanding space to
continental drift. It lists 4 other
reviews on the subject and 6 footnotes about the calculations used.
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The first homo sapiens on Earth appeared over 2,000,000 years ago. But, one orbit around the Galaxy takes
220,000,000 years. So, we have completed
only 0.9% of the orbit. One second on
your watch takes 1/60 of its orbit around the dial and that is 1.7%. You
people have not been around very long.
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------------------------- Monday, May 28, 2018
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