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2069 - The laws of physics are supposed to be
symmetrical in time and space. Creators
of the newly-announced time crystals are excited by the possibility of using
their methods to accelerate the development of quantum computers. Appendix lists the history and future for computer
power.
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-
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----------------------------- 2069
-. Time Crystals and computer power
-
- The laws of physics are supposed to be
symmetrical in time and space. That means a ball thrown at a certain speed and
in a certain direction would always go the same distance, no matter when you
throw or where on Earth you throw it, assuming no other factors, like weather,
came into play.
-
- However, there are things that break space
symmetry. Magnets have north and south poles, which means the magnetic spins of
atoms within a magnet are not spread in all directions but aligned in one
direction or another. The same is true of crystals. Though fixed in space, some
atoms in a crystal have preferred positions, which makes them appear different
based on where you observe them from.
-
- Time symmetry never breaks. What if you threw the ball once at 12pm on Friday,
and then again at 10am on Tuesday, at the exact same speed in the exact same
conditions ,and, the two throws went a completely different distance? In the macro world, that would not happen.
But as Albert Einstein once pointed out, things get “spooky ” at the atomic
level. Perhaps at the atomic level it would be possible to create a type of
matter that broke time symmetry, called
a “time crystal.”
-
- Conventional thinking is that any system in
the lowest energy state and in equilibrium would not be able to break time
symmetry. By equilibrium, physicists mean that all molecules of, say, water in
the liquid state have at least a certain amount of energy. If you add energy in
the form of heat to liquid water, all the molecules that gain a certain amount
of energy will reach a new equilibrium, becoming steam and enter a new state of
matter. Every distinct state of matter we know about is in equilibrium.
-
- If physicists could get matter to enter a
non-equilibrium state, they could make time crystals. If they do, it would be a
new state of matter. Recently physicists
have been able to show that such non-equilibrium states can be entered and
matter in those states can be classified as types of time crystals.
-
- They were using a system containing 10
charged atoms of the element ytterbium and four sets of lasers. One laser
converted each of the ytterbium atoms into a magnet. Another laser caused
disorder to ensure the atoms were in a non-equilibrium state. Then a third
laser made the magnetic atoms to flip, similar to the north pole switched to
the south pole in a large magnet. The combination of these three lasers caused
the atoms to oscillate, but at twice the frequency at which their magnetic
states were being flipped. The fourth laser was used to read the status of each
atom to determine that they broke time symmetry.
-
- A time crystal in a different system using a
normal diamond but one that has lots of nitrogen atom impurities. Microwave
pulses were used to flip the spins of the nitrogen atoms. The frequency at which the atoms flipped
their spin was different from the frequency of the pulses.
-
- The creators of the newly-announced time
crystals are excited by the possibility of using their methods to accelerate
the development of quantum computers.
Quantum computers are predicted to be faster than any supercomputer that
can be built with silicon chips.
-
- Quantum computers require atoms to exist in
entangled states, where changing the state of one automatically causes the
other to change state too. At present, such states can be achieved only at
extremely low temperatures. These
nitrogen atoms in the diamond were made to change position together at a
constant frequency, meaning they were held in quantum entanglement The breakthrough occurred at room
temperature.
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- 2072
- Computer power, how small can
they get? Current chip design has cut
the space between component parts on a chip down to a dozen nanometers. Heat and power are the new challenges in chip
design.
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-
2032 - Computers are joining embedded sensors and
internet connectivity that will have appliances to voice commands.
-
-
This review list 5 other reviews about computer evolution, applications
in the medical field, engineers using supercomputers, how computers will go
faster, and how computers will get smaller and cheaper.
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- 1847
- The history of the computer and what it will be
like over the next ten years?
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- 1420
- Super computers in the hands of engineers? A new economy will be born.
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- 1373
- How computers will get faster. How do they compare with our brain power?
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- 1130
- What will continue to make computers smaller and
cheaper?
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------------------------- Tuesday, May 8, 2018
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