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----------------------------- 2202 - Structure of the Universe
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- The Universe can be defined as “everything” we know about our existence. Of course, there is much more we do not know. It is not our Universe yet but it is out there. It tells us where we came from. What was our beginning. The irony is the more we learn and expand our Universe the more we find that we don’t know. Our Universe is expanding. Hopefully our minds are as well.
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- The study of the Universe is a quest for reality. Our reality keeps getting larger and more mysterious. At one time our reality had the Sun orbiting the Earth. It certainly seems that to be the case. Then other planets were discovered and we realized that in reality all of this was circling the Sun.
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- Then we realized that the stars in the night sky were other suns in our galaxy. Our reality expanded again when we realized there were billions of other galaxies receding into an ever expanding space. That there is energy in space that is even accelerating this departure of galaxies into more distant space. That each galaxy is being held from flying apart by other matter we can not see. Our knowledge is certainly expanding but into even more that we do not know?
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- We know the Universe is expanding because the farthest galaxies are moving away from us in all directions. In fact these galaxies are all moving away from each other as the space between them is expanding at an ever increasing rate. The more space there is between them the faster they are expanding. The farthest expansions are separating faster than the speed of light. The light from these far off sources will never reach us.
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- We appear to be in the center of this expansion. It is the simply the point of our observation. The expansion is happening everywhere. No matter where you are in the Universe you see the same thing.
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- Because this expansion is accelerating and light has a speed limit of 186,282 miles per second, the observable Universe is disappearing at the edges. The Observable Universe has an edge because that is as far as we can see. The light has been traveling for 13.7 billion years, so, 13.7 billion light years is as far as we can see. During that time it took for the farthest light to reach us the Universe was expanding out to 46 billion light years, but, we can’t see it.
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- The force that is expanding the space is a form of anti-gravity, we call Dark Energy. It occupies about 70% of the total mass-energy in the Observable Universe. Some of the energy has converted to mass and that mass represents about 30% of the total Universe.
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- Keep in mind the Matter and Energy are two forms of the same thing. They are only separated by c^2 which is 9 * 10^16, that is 9 followed by 16 zeros, when mass is in kilograms and the speed of light is in 3 * 10^8 meters per second.
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----------------------- E = mc^2
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----------------------- Mass = Energy / c^2
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- The most current calculations for total mass in the Universe is 31.7% with 26.8% being Dark Matter and 4.9% being Ordinary Matter. Ordinary Matter is all the atoms, quarks and electrons along with all the other particles in the Model of Particle Physics. Dark Matter is something that we can not see but we know it is out there because of its interaction with gravity. It does not appear to have any interaction with electrometric energy that we use to detect all Ordinary Matter.
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- The gravitational effect of Dark Matter appears to represent 85% of all Matter in the Universe. 26.8% / 31.7% = 84.5%.
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- Dark Energy is predominate over Matter and anti- gravity is predominate over gravity. That is why the Universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. We believe in the Big Bang theory because if you run time backwards all this expanding Universe would be a contracting Universe. It would eventually, after 13.7 billion years, if the rates were the came, collapse into a single point. Sometimes this point is revered to as a “ Singularity”.
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- Over a large scale the Universe is extremely isotropic. It is the same temperature and the same density ( homogeneity) in every direction. It appears to be 2.725 Kelvin throughout all space.
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- In order to have this uniform temperature everywhere in the Observable Universe it all must at one time been in contact. It is the same looking 13.7 billion light years in one direction and looking 13.7 billion lightyears in the opposite direction. Those are 27.4 billion lightyears apart. They could not have been in contact unless some time in the past they separated faster than the speed of light.
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- To explain this uniformity the Theory of Cosmic Inflation proposes that in the very beginning of the Big Bang and for a very short period of time the Universe expanded doubling in size 100 times faster than the speed of light and then slowed down to the expansion rate we see today. This allowed parts of space to be separated by greater than 13.7 billion light years and to have uniform temperature.
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- The Big Bang and Cosmic Inflation all came from “ nothing”. It was the beginning of time and space created out of nothing because all the mass energy was collapsed to nothing. Matter and anti-matter came together in equal amounts and disappeared into nothing. Gravity and anti-gravity of Dark Energy all cancelled out and became nothing. When the Universe began all that is known separated out in a balanced way out of nothing. Now that is making a big deal out of nothing. Whose idea was this anyway?
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- As particles separated out of energy the quantum fluctuations caused some unevenness that allowed gravity to create variations in density and temperature. We can see these temperatures today in the Cosmic Microwave Background in space. The variations are only 1 part in 100,000 Kelvin. Over Cosmic history these small density variations evolved into the stars and galaxies we see today. It is the story of our existence. Stay tuned, an announcement will be made shortly.
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- Other Reviews available:
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- 2193 - What is the universe expanding into?
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- 2192 - The Universe as we know it.
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- 2177 - The Universe by the numbers?
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- 2167 - Planck - measures the Cosmic Background Radiation.
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- 2166 - History of the Universe from seconds to years.
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- 2121 - How is the universe expanding?
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- 2104 - Laws of the Universe?
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- 2102 - Age of the universe?
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- and dozens more reviews about the “Universe”:
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- December 9, 2018 1590
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-- email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
- to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
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-------------------------- Sunday, December 9, 2018 --------------------------
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