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------------------------------------ 2201 - The Beginning of Time , the end of Time
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- We use the expression all the “ time”. “ I’ve known that guy since the “ beginning of time.” Of course, you probably mean since your beginning of time, or since you were born. However, time existed before you knew about it. We think it has existed for over 13.8 billion years. Before then we are not sure. Going forward into the future we are not sure either. Does time end, does it slow down?
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- The Universe has been expanding for 13,800,000,000 years. So, if we run the clock backwards from today’s expansion to the beginning, we get the Universe at a point. This assumes that time is symmetrical. That is, it works the same going backwards as it does in the present and going into the future. If time is not symmetrical than it may have had a random path backwards that we will never know about. Seems unlikely though?.
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- Let’s assume that time does travel backwards in a straight line, straight as an arrow and not in a zigzag path, then 13.8 billion years ago we have the entire Universe compressed into a single point. Space and time disappear into this point, called a “singularity“. All the Universe’s mass and energy would be inside the volume of zero space. The density of the point would be infinity. Math and Physics do not handle infinities. All their formulas fail. There must be different math involved?
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- The idea is analogous to using a magnifying glass to focus light rays on a piece of paper. The math says the focus to a single point would generate infinite energy. A magnifying glass can set the paper on fire but no way is that infinite energy. So the math must be wrong.
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- New math treats light as a wave, not as a ray, or a particle. At the target on the piece of paper is not a point but a bulls-eye. The target is a range of probabilities and statistics are the math needed to do the correct calculations. The target center is surrounded by circles of amplifying and interfering wave fronts. The bulls-eye is a common interference pattern for interfering waves.
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- The Universe concentrating at a point before the Big Bang is called a singularity. A singularity is infinite density, inside zero volume, with time coming to a standstill. Blackholes have the same singularities at their centers. These as well must not be points but bulls-eyes of probabilities making the infinities in the math go away.
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- This is where the Theory of Relativity and the Theory of Quantum Mechanics come together. The math for each do not reconcile, but a lot of science is trying to make it reconcile. Blackholes are all around us. A Blackhole is at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy. Has time stopped at all these places? Is this a point of infinite density, or, are the galaxy centers just another range of probabilities? The probabilities not only apply to time but also to energy, momentum, and position in space.
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- Is our entire Universe inside a giant Blackhole? If time has stopped inside a Blackhole obviously it has started up again. For us time only moves in one direction. This arrow of time is tied to the law of physics called “entropy“. Entropy always increases in a system.
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- Entropy is the tendency of everything to increase in the amount of disorder, or randomness. It can not reverse itself. When the egg breaks on the floor its disorder can not be restored to the original egg. There is no such thing as a perpetual motion machine. There is always some loss to heat, or friction. An effect can never precede a cause.
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- The Universe started with a primordial soup of fundamental particles. As the Universe expanded and cooled particles formed atoms. Atoms formed molecules, hydrogen and helium gas. Gas molecules condensed into stars and planets. Stars condensed into galaxies and Blackholes.
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- All this was created by the force of gravity in the early Universe. Gravity is what holds galaxies together. Most galaxies have a Blackhole in their center. Dark Energy is the force that expands space and is pushing galaxies apart. So, the Universe is being diluted with expansion separating everything like dots on an expanding balloon.
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- Even Blackholes will evaporate into their fundamental particles given enough time. Time ends when there is nothing left to measure it. When the radiation dissipates the only thing left in the Universe is empty space in hundreds of billions of years from now.
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- But, what if time just changes speed. Velocity of receding galaxies is measured as distance per unit time. But, what if time is slowing. Velocity would appear to be increasing. We would think the Universe is expanding but actually time is slowing. We could not tell the difference. We say the cause of space expansion is “ Dark Energy”. But, we do not know what it is or how it works. So, could it not be energy at all, just time slowing down?
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- The end of time would be the end of endings. Falling objects are drawn to places where time passes more slowly. This is according to the Theory of Relativity. It is hard to imagine how time could slow down until it ends. But, it is equally hard to imagine time in an expanding Universe not-ending.
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- This dilemma is called an “antinomy”, something you can argue both ways, leaving you not knowing what you think. The boundaries of time seem to be the boundaries of our reasoning as well. We need to like time. It gives structure to our world. We would be lost without it. It allows me to write this review.
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- Ok, I’m done. My time is up or is time itself slowing down? This time slowing can be proven with the muon that reaches Earth’s surface from the upper atmosphere. The whole problem revolves around trying to keep the speed of light constant regardless of its motion through space. The speed of light must remain constant at 1 foot per nanosecond.
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- Time is what God created to make certain everything did not happen all at once. The passage of time only travels in one direction from past to present to future. We have measured time in intervals in many ways: the number of drips of water, the number of grains of sand, the cycles of a swinging pendulum, the oscillations powered by a wound spring, the vibrations of a quartz crystal. Always science was attempting to get greater accuracy by using smaller and smaller intervals of time in the count.
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- Today the time interval of a second is defined as the frequency of radiation of a cesium 133 atom. The photons emitted by the electron jumping between two hyper-fine levels of the ground state of energy of the atom. One second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 frequency cycles of these photons (of this laser light).
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- Now you would think that would be accurate enough for most people. And, you would think it would be stable enough and not change over time. Well we do not know if it changes over time, but, we do know that it changes over space. The faster you move through space the slower the time intervals tick. Time turns out to not be always the same with the 9,192,6131,770 ticks of the cesium atom.
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- This time slowing can be proven with the muon that reaches Earth’s surface from the upper atmosphere. The lifetime of a muon is 2.2 microseconds. When it is created by a cosmic ray traveling at 99.8% the speed of light its time is slowed. It should travel 660 meters in its lifetime, but it reaches Earth miles below because it is living 15 times longer, 33.8 microseconds. Because of its high velocity time has slowed down for the lifetime of the muon to reach the surface of the Earth.
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- The whole problem revolves around trying to keep the speed of light constant regardless of its motion through space. For the stationary observer the faster an object travels the slower its time.
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- You can conceptualize this by thinking about two mirrors separated and mounted on the floor and the ceiling of a railroad car. A beam of light, a photon, is bouncing up and down between the two mirrors. Straight up and straight down in a straight line when the railroad car is stationary. Now, the car is moving and the observer is still stationary. When the car goes by the observer sees the photon go up and down in the form of a triangle in space. He sees a zigzag motion. It appears to the observer that the photon is traveling a greater distance over the same time. Traveling 10 feet in 10 nanoseconds going straight up and down it now appears that the photon is traveling 30 feet in 10 nanoseconds. That is 3 times faster. But, that is impossible.
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- The speed of light must remain constant at 1 foot per nanosecond. Therefore, the time must slow down for the observer so the photon is taking longer to go diagonally up and diagonally down on the moving train. To the observer the 30 feet takes 30 nanoseconds. The velocity of light to all observers must be 1 foot per nanosecond regardless of their relative motion through space.
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- This time slowing is not just mathematical, it is real. If the twin’s Ava and Noah were part of a space mission and Noah made the team and Ava did not. Noah accelerated in a space ship with 3 other astronauts to the stars and back. When Noah returned we was nine years older. But, Ava was now an old lady, 89 years old. Noah was traveling near the speed of light and time ran slower for him. Ava stayed home and the time clicked at the normal faster rate here on Earth.
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- I know this is only a thought experiment because humans can not travel near the speed of light. So, would this really happen? Yes. We can observe it happening in the life of the muon. Ever science test so far says time dilation is true.
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- Somehow Time is part of our Universe. Somehow Time is a fundamental part of space. A four dimensional spacetime is out there. All quantum mechanic effects have built in time elapses. Time is a rate that is not constant in the x-y-z space and time directions. Time will vary in order to keep the x-y-z space per time a constant ratio at 1 foot per nanosecond.
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- Photons have no rest, they always move at 299,792,458 meters per second. Photons do not experience Time at all. Somehow Time stands still for them, yet, they move so fast. The Universe is so big it still takes the fast photons 13,800,000,000 years to reach across the Universe traveling at light speed. But during that Time they did not experience any of it. Amazing! This stuff boggles the mind.
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Here are other reviews about Time that are available:
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- 2083 - Time is what God created.
- 2059 - Why does time move forward?
- 2053 - If events did not happen there would be no time.
- 2013 - Think about what time is.
- 1992 - was 1931 - It is about time.
- 1985 - was 1774 - Time - can't live without it.
- 1940 - Time and the evolution of the universe.
- 1808 - 354 The Big Picture - Jim’s Universal Calendar
- 1758 - Time is a mystery.
- 1736 - Bits of time.
- 1735 - We are running out of time
- 1691 - What time is.
- 1621 - Time to think.
- 1341 - Optical lattice clocks tell time exactly.
- 1189 - The beginning if time. See 2201
- 1006 - 2087 - Is time slowing down
- 910 - Time to think, again
- 854 - Time , GPS, Entropy
- 842 - Pressed for Time
- 830 - A 24 Hour Day - Time
- 814 - Fast Speed and Short Time
- 783 - Time is What God Created
- 747 - Time , why 60 minutes
- 392 - Time Dilation
- 368 - Time comes to us in particles, Planck time
- 356 Time is Getting Short
- 37 - Deriving time dilation from the Pythagorean Theorem.
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- December 8, 2018.
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--------------------- Saturday, December 8, 2018 -------------------------
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