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------------ 2561 - ANTIMATTER BLACKHOLES - what happens when they meet?
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- Energy and matter are the same thing in different forms. However, when energy converts into matter you always, almost always, get equal parts of matter and antimatter. Then, when these two run into each other they convert back to energy.
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- The Big Bang started from a singularity of pure energy and the expansion into space included equal amounts of matter and antimatter. But, somehow things got out of balance and we ended up with more matter than antimatter in “our Universe“. Maybe there is another Universe out there somewhere that is more antimatter than matter. Figure that on out.
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- At the center of our Milky Way Galaxy there is a giant cloud of antimatter. It is 10,000 lightyears across. That is the width of our Milky Way. Astronomers know it is there because they can detect its radiation. Just like you detect light radiation when you see a star, but this cloud has radiation at a particular frequency and a particular energy, it is exactly 511 electron volts.
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- It turns out what when electrons and positrons come together they annihilate each other into Gamma Rays at exactly 511 electron volts. Positrons are the antimatter of electrons. So, this is a cloud of positrons surrounding the center of our galaxy. Figure that one out.
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- Now, I said antimatter is all around us. Our Sun produces it. We produce it in our physics labs. Hospitals produce it to perform PET scans. The positron weighs the same as an electron, 9,109*10^-31 kilograms.
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- It has the same charge as an electron, +1.602*10^-19 coulombs, but it is the opposite sign. The positron spin is ½ the same as an electron. It is a perfectly stable particle by itself. We can easily identify it by putting it in a magnetic field. The electrons go one way and the positrons go the opposite way.
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- The Sun produces neutrinos and anti-neutrinos. There are millions of anti-neutrinos flowing through your body as you are reading this. These particles are created in the thermal nuclear reaction that powers the Sun.
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- In 1935 physicists discovered that if you bombard aluminum with helium nuclei you can produce phosphorus 30 and a neutron. Phosphorus 30 is an unstable isotope not found in nature. It quickly emits a positron and becomes silicon 30. What happened is one of the protons in the nucleus turned into a neutron and lost its charge by emitting a positron.
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- The above experiment in the lab occurs in nature all the time in the form of radioactive Beta Decay. There is a Conservation of Electric Charge. So, when ever a neutron emits an electron it becomes a proton. When a proton emits a positron it becomes a neutron.
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- Ordinary radioactive decay, Beta Decay, is what causes the Geiger counter to tick. To take an example, if an atom of sodium, an isotope of sodium, decays by one of its protons becoming a neutron to become the atom Neon then in order to Conserve the Electric Charge this reaction always also creates a positron and a neutrino.
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- Beta Decay gives off positrons in this way in a daily occurrence. When this positron is sent off and quickly strikes an electron and mutual annihilation turns them back into pure energy, Gamma Rays. Basically, that is why radiation is so harmful, if one of those electrons happens to be in your DNA you could suffer mutations you do not want.
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- Now astronomers expected matter and antimatter would come in equal amounts. That is the way the math works and all the laws of Conservation. However, evidence is that for every 10,000,00,000 particles of matter in the Universe there is one particle of antimatter. Figure that one out. This defies the Conservation of Energy but some how our Universe prefers matter over antimatter. Lucky for us.
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- Ok, I am almost accepting that we live with antimatter, but, what about anti-energy? Does anti-energy exist? What about anti-gravity? Is Dark Energy really just anti-gravity? Gravity is the attractive force, Dark Energy is the repulsive force, maybe? What about anti-time? Figure that one out.
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- PET scans found in most big hospitals use positrons passing through your body that decay with radiation detected in 360 degrees using Geiger counter type receivers. The receiver responses are fed into a computer and software creates a 3-D image of the inside of your body. So, antimatter can be a good thing. It has been a tremendous help to doctors who would otherwise have to use X-rays or surgery to figure out health problems.
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- Someday maybe matter-antimatter will fuel spaceships. If we could figure out how to contain the antimatter so it did not annihilate into Gamma Rays before we were ready to send it out the rear of the ship to power the space ship. Maybe we could build an electromagnetic container to hold the antimatter? Do you have some students in your class that could figure some of this stuff out? Every generation brings a golden age of discovery. We sure could use a lot more knowledge about antimatter. Figure that one out.
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- What would happen if a giant mass of antimatter, the same mass as a Black Hole, got swallowed by a Black Hole. Would the two masses annihilate each other in a giant explosion of Gamma Rays, or, would the Black Hole consume the antimatter and become twice its size?
- The answer ………………. the latter would happen because antimatter has mass and mass is always a positive quantity. Antimatter is mass with the opposite electrical charge but it is still mass. It is affected by the gravity of the Black Hole just like any other mass.
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- Gravity acts the same for both matter and antimatter. Once matter or antimatter goes into a Black Hole we loose all the physics needed to describe what happens. It obviously changes into energy, or fundamental particles, or something else. We don’t know.
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- Nothing escapes the Black Hole. Everything is kept inside the Event Horizon once it passes it. Even information can not escape a Black Hole. But, there is a big debate about whether information is lost, or is conserved, inside a Black Hole.
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- What does physics mean by Information? Quantum Mechanics can describe all the various states of every element and every particle. This is referred to as the Quantum States, and this is what physics means by Information. In order to recreate a quantum state for any particle you need information on its mass, polarity, electron spin up, spin down, quark up, quark down, color, etc.
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- All these are characteristics of a “ wave function” that describes the particle. Information from the Wave Function is needed to rebuild the particle. Just like you have to have the information in you DNA in order to clone another human being like yourself. The question is: Is this information really lost inside a Black Hole or is it somehow preserved.
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- Some physics believes that there exist a Conservation of Information, just like there is a Conservation of Energy. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only change states. Is it also true that Information can neither be created nor destroyed? Is it always conserved, even inside a Black Hole? We don’t know.
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- The Conservation of Energy is being challenged by the fact that the Universe is in constant expansion and is even accelerating in its expansion. How can space be continuously created between the galaxies?
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- Mass and Energy get diluted as the Universe expands. There is less and less mass and energy in every cubic lightyear. But, Dark Energy, also called Vacuum Energy, is constant during the expansion of the Universe. It does not get diluted. It just keeps accelerating the expansion as the gravity from diluted mass-energy becomes less and less.
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- Space within galaxies, or Solar Systems, or atoms does not expand because gravity and electromagnetic, and nuclear forces are much stronger that Dark Energy. Gravity decreases as the square of the distance. When distances are great enough like between galaxies Dark Energy becomes stronger than gravity and that is what is causing the expansion of the Universe.
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- There is no more matter-energy created after the Big Bang. That is it. However, space is constantly being created. Does this defy the Conservation of Energy? We don’t know.
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- When the Big Bang occurred equal amounts of matter and antimatter were created. Most of it annihilated each other and released energy in the form of Gamma Ray radiation. But, somehow this annihilation got out of balance and more matter was left over than antimatter. That is the matter that exists today.
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- Ordinary matter comprises about 4% of the Universe, 23% is Dark Matter and 73% is Dark Energy. Antimatter is everywhere, there is just not much of it. Scientists and engineers generate antimatter in their laboratories on a daily basis. It is created in particle accelerators.
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- Recently, astronomers have discovered that when stars are devoured by Black Holes or Neutron Stars antimatter is created. When stars are destroyed in this manner a tremendous amount of radiation is released. Astronomers calculate that an ordinary star torn apart by a Black Hole would create 10^41 positrons per second.
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- These energetic Gamma Rays can combine to form electrons and positrons, matter and antimatter, according to E=mc^2 + ½ mv^2. Matter is being created from energy. It is the opposite of what happens when a nuclear bomb creates energy out of matter.
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- All elementary particles have an antimatter counterpart, having the same mass and other characteristics but opposite charge. Antimatter acts as the mirror image of matter, this is called charge-parity symmetry.
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- If symmetry were 100% than after the Big Bang all matter-antimatter would have destroyed itself and turned into radiation energy. No matter of any sort would exist, only radiation would exit. Somehow charge-parity “asymmetry” happened. Physics has been trying to discover what caused asymmetry to happen.
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- In 1964 they discovered an asymmetry when Kaons and anti-Kaons decayed. It occurred 4 times out of a million events that a Kaon was left over. A Kaon is a
K-meson. All mesons are particles that contain an even number of quarks and ant quarks.
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- K-mesons are made up of two fundamental particles, one matter and the other antimatter. There are four Kaons made up of strange-up. up-strange, down-strange and strange-down quarks-ant quarks. They will decay in 5.18*10^-9 seconds or in 8.958*10^-11 seconds.
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- There are many, many other mesons other than these. There are pions, kaons, D-mesons, B-mesons, upsilons, etc. Quarks and ant quarks can come in all kinds of packages. Most are unstable and decay quickly like these. However, some are stable like the proton the lives forever. Or, the neutron that lives for 15 minutes, on average in a free environment.
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- Forty years later, in 2004, they finally found another asymmetry in B-mesons. B-mesons are heavier that Kaons. At the Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) B-meson and anti B-mesons are crated. They last only 1.5*10^-9 seconds before decaying.
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- Physics has found 910 B-mesons decaying into a Kaon and a Pion, while 696 anti B-mesons decayed into an anti-Kaon and an anti-Pion. A 13% difference. 13 out of 100 is a lot more than 4 out of a million. However, physicists using the Standard Model of Particle Physics can calculate a possible asymmetry of only 1 out of 10 billion.
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- So, obviously, the equations in our Standard Model are incomplete. There must be other sources of asymmetry yet to be discovered. In the meantime, it remains a cosmological puzzle why matter came to be. We just don’t know.
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- Someday if we ever figure this stuff out, matter-antimatter annihilation may become the ultimate fuel source. It is perfect conversion of matter into energy according to
E = mc^2, or, Energy = mass*90,000,000,000,000,000. Stay in school, there is a lot more t learn.
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- December 24, 2019 2561 880 891
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--------------------- Tuesday, December 24, 2019 --------------------
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