- Index of recent Reviews email available by requesting number:
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- 2547 - - BIG BANG - recreated in the laboratory ? How did science determine the age of the Universe? How did they recreate this process of discovery in the laboratories? It began with the discovery of radioactivity that reveled the existence of previously unknown sources of energy and unknown laws of physics.
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- 2548 - ASTRONOMY - mysteries in the year 2019. No physicist would dare assert that our physical knowledge of the universe is near completion. To the contrary, each new discovery seems to unlock a Pandora's box of even bigger, even deeper physics questions, as of February 27, 2017, here are some astronomical mysteries.
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- 2549 - ASTRONOMICAL FACTS - A collection of facts in the study of astronomy. Each a pearl of knowledge that the mind can ponder. I hope 2019 has been good for you and 2020 will bring you even more good fortune and new knowledge.
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- 2550 - COSMOLOGY - the history of astronomy? Cosmology started with the Greeks when their Universe was the Solar System and the stars. Cosmology changed drastically when Einstein proposed his theory of matter, energy, and gravity in 1905 and Hubble discovered galaxies outside our Milky Way that were speeding away from us.
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- 2551 - UNIVERSE - the age and size explored? The Universe is as big as it gets. And , we do not know how big that is. We think we know how old it is, just not how fast it has grown. Today it seems to be growing faster and faster. But, growing into what? Here is how we determined the age and rate of growth of today’s universe.
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- 2552 - - The study of the birth of my Universe is called “Cosmology“. It is a science of speculation. We take the data we observe today and run it backward as far as the physics will take us and come up with a beginning. But, the whole thing is speculation. How about educated guesses. Here is the most I could find:
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- 2553 - UNIVERSE - why is it homogeneous? - Is the Universe expanding in space or is the Universe slowing in Time? How could we tell? If time were gradually slowing down it might take billions of years of time passage to see the change. We would simply measure everything as getting faster and faster until everything reaches a snapshot and is frozen into one instant in Time. Would this cause the universe to appear homogeneous?
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- 2554 - UKRAINE - in 1987 updated to 2019 - Santa Rosa’s sister city in the Ukraine in 1987. Press Democrat ran 6 articles on the change in US and USSR relations after the end of the Cold War and Gorbachev opened the Russian society to the West.
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- 2555 - FORCES - and densities of the Universe? If something is not a sphere than some other force is involved to make it so. Crystals are not spheres because of the electromagnetic forces. Same is true for you. Asteroids are not spheres because they are too small to have enough gravity to pull themselves into a sphere.
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- 2556 - EINSTEIN‘S - legacy 100 years later? Many science discoveries have followed with math giving the answer then later experience and observation proving it to be true. Math deduced the General Theory of Relativity where gravity told spacetime how to bend and spacetime told gravity where to move. Math said there were Black Holes, Singularities, and Neutron Stars.
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- 2557 - ELECTRON - just the fundamentals? The electron is the one fundamental particle that most affects our daily lives. It is responsible for all electricity, magnetism, chemistry and biology, to name a few. It was first identified as a particle in 1874.
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- 2558 - ANTHROPIC PRINCIPLE - if the universe was any different we would not be here to witness it. When it comes to the Universe as a whole, only gravitation matters. The Universe expands at the rate it does throughout its history for two reasons alone: our laws of gravity and all the forms of energy that exist in the Universe. If things were slightly different from how they actually are, we wouldn't exist.
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- 2560 - ANTIMATTER - is all around us? Anti-matter is a term that most people relate to science fiction. It is the ultimate fuel used to power space ships traveling at near light speed. Few people realize that anti-matter is all around us, all the time, everyday. Anti-matter is created naturally in nature through radioactivity.
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- 2561 - ANTIMATTER BLACKHOLES - what happens when they meet? Antimatter is not science fiction, it is all around us. Antimatter is a mass that has the opposite electric charge but otherwise is exactly the same as ordinary matter, its counterpart. What makes antimatter fascinating is that when it meets up with matter the two annihilate each other back into energy, according to E = mc^2.
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- 2562 - ANTIMATTER - mystery in physics? Why is there more matter than antimatter? The Conservation of Energy tells us that at the time of the Big Bang, when matter was first created from energy, there should have been equal amounts of matter and antimatter created. When matter and antimatter come back together again they annihilate each other and everything returns back to energy again, according to E=mc^2, Energy is Conserved
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- 2563 TEMPERATURE - Getting Temperature from Light? If we measure the frequency emitted we know the energy gap between orbits for that particular atom. And , if we know the energy gaps for each element we can measure the frequency of radiation and identify the element that created. it. That is how astronomers know the makeup of stars and gas nebulae that are billions of light years away.
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.- 2564 - TEMPERATURE - calculating global Warming? How to measure the temperature of stars? Knowing the temperature of the Earth how to calculate the total energy being radiated? We live on the surface of a 2,000,000,000,000,000 one hundred light bulbs. And, the Sun that is warming us has a surface temperature of 6,000 degrees Kelvin. How do we know these things?
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