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------------------------------ 2538 - SCIENCE - 30 years of discovery?
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- Review 2539 gives some predictions as to what will probably happen in science in the next 30 years. Probably! Actually! This review tells you what did happen the 30 years starting with the year 2010 and working backwards:
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- 2010 - Synthetic bacteria was first produced. The Neanderthal genome was sequenced. It was discovered that early humans mated with Neanderthals and the interbreeding was traced back 60,000 years. Today 4% of the human genome outside of Africa is Neanderthal. The percentage in Sacramento, California legislature is much, much higher.
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- 2009 - “Ardi” was discovered to be the oldest humanoid ancestor. ( See Review #1148 for a review on Ardi). “Lucy” was discovered in 1974. She was 3,200,000 years old. Ardi is Ardipithecus Ramidus and is 4,400,000 years old. He was bipedal on the ground but could move through the trees like an ape, with opposing toes. The swine flu pandemic arrived. It was not as lethal as predicted.
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- 2008 - The Wooly Mammoth genome was sequenced. ( See 2539 for info on expectations to clone extinct animals back into existence.)
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- 2007 - Stem cells were made from skin cells. No longer requiring embryos to extract stem cells. Soft tissue was extracted from T.Rex bone. German researchers treated a 40 year old patient for HIV and leukemia using stem cells lacking an HIV receptor making him resistant to the virus. Three years later he is stilled cured.
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- 2006 - Pluto was kicked out of the Solar System by a committee that decided it was no longer a planet but a dwarf planet instead.
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- 2005 - Eris, a dwarf planet, was found to be bigger than Pluto and orbiting far beyond Neptune, outside the planetary solar system. The first face transplant was preformed. Huygens space probe lands on Titan, moon of Saturn.
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- 2004 - A Tsunami devastates Indonesia. Ancient “Hobbit People” were discovered in Indonesia.
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- 2003 - WMAP space probe maps the early Universe by measuring the microwave background radiation released 300,000 years after the Big Bang. The Columbia Space Shuttle burns up upon reentry. Astronauts die in a blaze of fire.
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- 2002 - SARS pandemic strikes. NASA detects water ice on Mars.
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- 2001 - Wikipedia is introduced. WMAP (/Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) revealed the exact age of the Universe to be 13,700,000 years old. WMAP found the ordinary matter that we and all of our world is made of only 4% of the mass/energy in the Universe. Dark Matter that we do not understand is 23% of the mass/energy. Dark Energy that we do not understand is 73% of the Universe’s mass/energy.
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- 2000 - The first plant genome was sequenced. The sequencing of the human genome was completed. It was thought that knowing the sequencing could find mutations that are responsible for human disease. However, it turned out that diseases are cause not be a single gene out of place, or a set of genes scrambled, but the interaction between genes with each other and with their environments cause disease. This makes disease causes much more difficult to figure out.
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- However, with digital DNA records it is possible to upload codes into a computer. Studies are accelerating into the lineage of plants and animals. When DNA codes can be written like software custom microbes can be programmed to generate energy( like in fermentation), fertilizers, drugs, and food. Carbon dioxide microbes could clean the air. We could make artificial steaks without using the cow.
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- 1999 - Laboratory grown bladders are implanted into dogs. West Nile virus invades the U.S.
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- 1998 - We discovered the adult brains could grow new neurons. Minuscule electrodes inserted in the brain measure picoamperes of current . Science can observe each single neuron popping open and slamming shut. It is hard to believe that popping neurons creates human consciousness. Human stem cells were first isolated. Dark Energy was discovered as a force that is expanding the Universe.
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- 1997 - Space probes begin exploring the surface of Mars. Neanderthal DNA is isolated and by 2010 the genome sequence code is identified. A computer defeats chess master Garry Kasparov.
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- 1996 - Dolly is the first cloned sheep.
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- 1995 - The first exoplanet is discovered. It was orbiting 51 Pegasis 50 lightyears away from Earth. Today over 450 exoplanet have been discovered. The Top Quark was discovered. Particle Physics adds it to the Standard Model for subatomic particles.
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- 1994 - Comet Shoemaker - Levy 9 slams into Jupiter. Fermat’s last theorem was finally solved. It took decades of mathematician calories to achieve.
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- 1993 - Hubble Space Telescope gets repaired. It had a defective curvature in its mirror.
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- 1992 - Planets are detected orbiting a Pulsar.
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- 1991 - Space probe visits as asteroid. Carbon nanotubes are discovered.
- 1990 - The Hubble Space Telescope is launched. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is able to track thoughts moving through the brain.
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- 1989 - Voyager 2 space probe flies by Neptune. The Cosmic Background Explorer, (COBE) satellite is launched.
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- 1988 - The internet “ worm” was first unleashed. Today the internet brings us worldwide news from a billion reporters working 24 hours each day. Shopping from living rooms has grown to $150,000,000,000 per year in the U.S. Barack Obama’s presidential campaign raised $1,000,000,000 over the internet. The publishing and entertainment industries have been devastated by the free online availability of their product. The worldwide web has become inseparable from everything we do.
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- 1987 - Supernova 1987 was discovered as it light first reached us. Prozac was approved by the FDA.
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- 1986 - High temperature superconductors are discovered. Chernobyl atomic reactor has a meltdown in Russia. Challenger Space Shuttle explodes at launch. Astronauts die in fiery rocket.
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- 1985 - Buckminster fullerene is discovered. Ozone hole above the Artic is discovered.
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- 1984 - Ulcers are caused by H. Pylori bacteria. It is not stress with too much coffee as thought.
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- 1983 - HIV virus is isolated. Tevatron particle accelerator is on line. The key to DNA sequencing is discovered. The first commercial cell phone network becomes operational in the U.S. It used the Motorola phone costing $3,995 and weighing over one pound. The batteries lasted one hour.
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- 1982 - Barney Clark receives the first artificial heart. Insulin is first made by genetically modifying bacteria.
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- 1981 - AIDS first reported in Los Angeles. The first computer virus was released. Positron Emission tomography (PET scans) were detecting neural metabolism activity in the brain. The Scanning tunneling Microscope (STM) was invented. It cold read the surface of a material atom by atom. Using these devices in 2009 engineers butyl an experimental transistor out of a single atom of phosphorus. IBM scientist created a graphene transistor that could switch on and off at 100 billion times per second.
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- 1980 - The inflationary cosmic model for the Big Bang’s early expansion was proposed by Alan Guff. Voyager 1 space probe flies by Saturn. I had one of the first Apple II computers, serial 200, that had 3 Kbytes of memory. Software was loaded by cassette tape and the CRT in the TV was the display. Software was written in BASIC. Today the single iPhone has more memory than all the Apple II computers in the world.
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- December 12, 2019 2538 1196
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--------------------- Tuesday, December 17, 2019 --------------------
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