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-------------------- 2552 - UNIVERSE - The Birth of My Universe.
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- We humans were quite comfortable with the Milky Way being our total Universe until 1924. Then, Edwin Hubble discovered the first galaxies that were outside our Milky Way galaxy. Our galaxy is 100,000 lightyears across. These galaxies were millions of lightyears away and could not possible be part of the Milky Way. Our Universe has expanded to 100,000,000,000 lightyears since 1924.
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- When Edwin Hubble measured the Doppler shift of light and calculated the velocity of these galaxies he learned they were mostly receding, going away from us. He also determined that the further the galaxy was away the faster it was receding. Conclusion: We were living in an ever expanding Universe. The Universe must have started as a hot dense dot at zero space-time and has been expanding space-time for the last 13,700,000,000 years.
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- The evolution of the Universe is driven by the expansion of space between the galaxies. As galaxies move apart the light traveling between them widens, or stretches, its wavelength, becoming redder, and longer wavelengths have lower energy. Everything is cooling down as it expands. It started at trillions of degrees Kelvin and today it is only 2.73 Kelvin. 2.73 degrees above Absolute Zero.
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- In the early Universe when things were hot and dense. Photons and baryons were smashed together into a plasma from which light, the photons, could not escape. Baryons are what we call the particles that make up ordinary matter, protons and neutrons are baryons. Plasma is a thick soup of electrons and ions (protons) at high enough temperatures that they remain separated and are not able to form into atoms.
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- As the expansion continued density reduced, temperatures cooled and baryons began to form atoms of hydrogen and helium. This occurred at 3,000 Kelvin. When atoms became neutral as positive protons captured negative electrons the photons became free and produced the first light scattering. A orange-red glow at 3,000 Kelvin.
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- At that time the Universe was 380,000 years old. The wavelength of the photons was 970 nanometers. Actually this is the peak wavelength of a Blackbody light curve, which is another review is you are interested.
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-------------- wavelength = 2,900,000 / temperature
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-------------- wavelength = 2,900,000 / 3,000 Kelvin
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-------------- wavelength = 970 nanometers
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- By today the Universe has expanded by a factor of 1,000. And things are 1,000 times colder. Today the Cosmic Microwave Background is 2.73 Kelvin and the wavelength has stretched out to 1,100,000 nanometers. This is 1.1 millimeters which is a microwave radio frequency of 273,000,000,000, 273 Ghz.
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- Many frequencies are in the microwave background, 273 GHz is just the “maximum” or “peak”. The spectrum stretches from 50,000 nanometers to 5,000,000 nanometers. A frequency range from 60 GHz to 600 GHz with the peak at 273 GHz.
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- As light wavelengths get stretched out it is called reddening, or a “redshift”. The amount of redshift tells you how long the light has been traveling in expanding space.
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- Astronomers have measured galaxies with 800% redshift. Redshift = z = 8. When this light left its source the Universe was 11% its present size ( 0.22*10^58 meters), 500,000,000 years old, 4% of its current age. The very first stars and galaxies formed at 100,000,000 years after the Big Bang.
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- The first stars were enormous and had very short lives, only 10,000,000 years before exploding as supernovae. The Universe was only hydrogen and helium but when the star’s nuclear furnaces burnt up this fuel and exploded into supernova the temperatures and pressures created all the heavier elements.
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- All the elements in the Periodic Table except hydrogen, helium, some lithium, were created in supernovae. Nearly everything in ordinary matter is made of “star dust” left over from this exploding stars. Is that not amazing?
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- The redshift over the life of the Universe, z = 1,100. It has stretched, expanded, by a factor of 1,100.
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----------------- 1 + z = 3,000 Kelvin / 2.73 Kelvin
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---------------- z = 1,100
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- Space has stretched by a factor of 1,000. Time has stretched by a factor of 36 times
13,700,000,000 / 380,000 = 36
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- The Cosmic Microwave Background radiation is perfectly smooth and the same everywhere in all directions. (homogeneous and isotropic). Well, nearly perfect. Perfect to one part in 100,000. At minute temperature differences some spots are cooler blue and warmer red in patches about 1 square arc degree.
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- These ripples in the smoothness correspond to areas of various density fluctuations in the early Universe. After billions of years these minute ripples evolved into gravitational attraction matter forming planets, stars and galaxies.
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- The Universe started with 5 parts Dark Matter and 1 part baryons of hydrogen and helium. We cannot explain Dark Matter yet. The Universe started with equal parts matter and anti-matter. We do not know what happened to all the anti-matter.
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- The Universe is 27 billion lightyears across. It is perfectly homogeneous. The opposite sides could not communicate with each other due to the limited speed of light so how can they be the same temperature? Homogeneous and isotropic, the same everywhere and in every direction. Nothing could have travelled between these distances.
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- Astronomers came up with the “Inflation Theory” to explain the homogeneity and isotropic nature of the Universe. When the Universe was 10^-43 seconds old gravity broke away from the other 3 forces and the Universe exploded expanding 10^50 times much faster than the speed of light.
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- The Universe was homogeneous before this happened. and because it expanded much faster than the speed of light it remained homogeneous. The velocity of the expansion today is 47,000 miles per hour for every million lightyears distance.
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- In 1998 astronomers discovered that this velocity was accelerating. There is some type of Dark Energy in the vacuum of space that is accelerating the expansion of the Universe.
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- Why is the expansion accelerating?
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- What is Dark Energy?
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- What is Dark Matter?
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- Why is ordinary matter only 4.5% of the Universe?
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--------------------- 4% gas
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--------------------- 0.5% stars and planets, moons and life.
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--------------------- 24% Dark Matter
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---------------------- 71.5% Dark Energy
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- Why does Quantum Mechanics math not work in the astronomy calculations?
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- Whey does the Theory of Relativity and gravity not work at the atomic level where Quantum Mechanic’s math works.?
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- If the Universe popped out of nothing there had to be equal parts of matter and anti-matter. What happened to all the anti-matter? There is some around but not enough.
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- Our Universe with 100,000,000,000 galaxies with each having 100,000,000,000 stars/planets/moons stretched over 27,400,000,000 lightyears diameter was once squashed into a space smaller than this period “.”. Smaller than an electron. How is this possible?
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- What was there before this “dot” exploded into space and time?
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- If everything was reduced to energy, what is energy to begin with?
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- What is space and time expanding into?
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- What is on the other side of the Observable Universe?
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- Are there other Universes being born? Or, is this the only one?
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- How could something so complex be created out of nothing?
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- You can not say there is nothing more to learn. Right?
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- Stay in school, you have a lot of problems left to solve.
- December 21, 2019 2552 1073
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----- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
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--- to: ------ jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
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--------------------- Sunday, December 22, 2019 --------------------
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