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-------------------- 2534 - FORCES - May the Force Be With You?
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- May the Force be with you. I hope it is. But, what is the Force? In physics a Force is something, or anything, that changes the motion of an object. An object in constant motion is a natural state. It takes a Force to change it.
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- Any object will continue at a constant velocity in a straight line forever unless a Force acts upon it to change its motion. We have names for all kinds of forces that can do this. We have the force of gravity, the force of electric charges, the force of magnetic poles, the nuclear forces, the Casmir force, the force of friction, the force of photons.
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- Physics has tried to unify these forces into one Unified Force. Gravity remains the biggest holdout in this endeavor.
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- A Force changes an object’s velocity. And, a change in velocity is called, “acceleration”. Acceleration is directly proportional to the Force and indirectly proportional to Mass of the object. The bigger the object the more Force it requires to accelerate it. F = m * a ,or, acceleration = Force / mass.
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- It takes a Force to change an objects motion. A constant velocity is a constant change of space per change of time. Velocity = ds / dt. in meters / second. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, or the rate of change of the change of space per change of time. Acceleration = d(ds/dt) meters/second^2.
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- If you plot distance ( space) versus time on a graph, a constant velocity is a straight line of constant slope. If the line curves there must be a Force applied and the changing slope of the curve is acceleration. A Force has caused ds / dt to change.
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- Gravity is a Force that also curves space and time. In fact, there is no way to distinguish the force of gravity from the force of acceleration. Traveling up a fast elevator with constant acceleration you feel the Force of acceleration. It is the same as if the elevator was at rest and you were feeling the Force of gravity. There is no way physics has to distinguish between the two forces.
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- Every object attracts every other object with a Force of gravity that is directly proportional to the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. F = G* m*M / r^2.
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- “G” is the constant of proportionality that depends upon the units used. The “r^2” makes sense because the Force spreads out from the object like the surface of an expanding sphere ( traveling at the speed of light). The density of the Force spreads out across the surface area of the sphere, which is 4*pi*r^2.
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- The Force of electric charges works the same way, F = K * q * Q / r^2, where “K” is the constant of proportionality and “q” is the electric charge.
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- James Maxwell unified the electric force and the magnetic force into the equations for electromagnetism. He also showed that light was an electromagnetic wave. Physics has since unified the electromagnetic force and the Weak Nuclear force into the Electroweak force. The Weak and Strong Nuclear forces have been unified using Quantum Electrodynamics.
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- Physics now has the Standard Model of Particle Physics that has defined a force carrier for each of the four forces:
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-------------- electric and magnetic force carriers are photons
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------------- weak nuclear force carrier are W and Z bosons
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------------- strong nuclear force carrier are Gluons.
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------------- gravity force carrier are gravitons
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- However, the gravity force carrier is only theory. It has not been discovered yet. It should be massless like the photon because it travels at the speed of light.
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- Relativity offers a very different theory for the force of gravity. Relativity assumes mass curves space and time and that gravity is the least energy motion route through the warped space and time coordinates. That mass and Energy are the same thing according to E = mc^2.
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---------- (curvature of space-time) = (mass density) * 8*pi*G / c^4
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---------- where: G is very small 10^-11 meters^3/ kilogram* seconds^2
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--------- where: c^4 is very big in the denominator, 10^32 (meters / second)^4
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- Therefore, the term times the mass density is very, very small 10^-43 sec/ Kg*m. We would expect the curvature of space-time to be very small unless the mass density was very big.
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- It makes it hard to interpret the force of gravity being a curvature of space-time that crashes the airplane, keeps the Moon in orbit, and the Moon shifting the tides of our oceans, but, that’s the theory. New Relativity equations must be used when calculating the Force of Gravity when dealing with massive objects or objects in motion approaching the speed of light.
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- The dilemma appears when trying to use the equations for Gravity or the equations for Relativity when dealing with very small distances or very small masses, like those of the atom. In these situations we have another new set of equations from Quantum Mechanics. Where mass is interpreted as both particles and waves. Where calculations of space and time, positions and velocity, are based on probabilities. Where there is a trade off in the accuracies of calculations based on the Principle of Uncertainty.
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---------------- Energy is defined as a Force acting over a distance. E = F * ds
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Energy is also defined as = mc^2 + m*v^2 / 2. “mc^2” is the energy with the mass at rest and that is 9*10^16 * mass. m*v^2 / 2 = Kinetic Energy which is the energy of a mass in motion.
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- As velocity of motion approaches the speed of light, mass increase, time slows and space shrinks which again requires a whole new set of equations from Relativity.
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- In summary, gravity is a Force that in theory has not been unified with the other forces. And, the whole idea of where a force comes from remains mysterious. We know that it is something that changes motion.
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- Motion is the change of space with the change of time, and, space and time themselves remain mysterious. There is more to learn. May the Force be with you if you are trying to learn this stuff.
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--------------------------------- See other Reviews , available upon request:
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- 646 - “ Force = m * a”
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- 1108 - What forces control everything?
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- 1257 - Are the natural forces combined into single equivalency?
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- 2058 - Force equals mass times acceleration?
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- 2134 - Force carriers , gluons, bosons, photons?
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- December 10, 2019 2534 876
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--------------------- Sunday, December 15, 2019 --------------------
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