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-------------------- 2536 - UNIVERSE - how to explain the impossible?
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- The basic properties of our world are uncannily suited for the life that we experience. The slightest change in the “Constants of Nature” and life as we know it could not exist. There are 17 physical Constants in Nature.
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- For example: All of nature and matter consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The mass of protons everywhere in the Universe is the same. If the mass of a proton was just 0.002 times heavier than all matter would be unstable and atoms would quickly decay.
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- The Force of Gravity is constant. G = 6.67259*10^-11 meters^3 / kilograms* seconds^2. As far as we know gravity is constant everywhere in the Universe. Every star, every planet experiences the same force per unit mass. If this Constant of Gravity was just a little more powerful stars would be smaller, hotter, and denser, and, would burn out in millions of years instead of billions of years. Life would not have had a chance to evolve on these shorter time scales.
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- There are many of these coincidences conducive to life. It even seems to physicists that we have not adapted to the Universe, the Universe has been adapted to us. Physicists call this the “fine tuning problem”.
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------------------ Maybe God created the Universe for our benefit?
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----------------------- What other explanation is there?
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- Maybe there are an infinite number of Universes parallel to ours. Multiple Universes could reproduce themselves into all possible manifestations. We just happen to be in one Universe that is custom tailored to favor the emergence of life. God could have created them too.
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- If we double the mass of an electron. No life.
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-----------------------------“Me” = 9.1093897*10^-31 kilograms.
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- If we change the electric charge between electrons and protons, No life.
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---------------------------- e = 1.60217733*10^-19 Coulombs.
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- If there were more or less than 3 dimensions in space and one in time. No life.
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- Life limit’s the values that physical constants can have.
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- Either we are living in a special time and place, or, the laws of physics are especially biases toward life. It took billions of years for the Universe to evolve from the Big Bang before life was possible. It happened. The Universe must have known we were coming.
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- Our Sun creates helium by fusing hydrogen. When this reaction happens 0.007% of the mass of the hydrogen gets converted directly into energy according to E = m*c^2. If this percentage were 0.006% or 0.008% then the Universe would be far too hostile. No life.
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- If the Universe contained much more matter the increased gravity would prevent the Universe from expanding. It would re-collapse into a Big Crunch. It the matter were much less the Universe would expand so quickly galaxies would not have enough gravity or time to form. No life.
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- Astronomers have discovered that there was too little mass to stop the Universe from expanding forever. And, the expansion rate is actually accelerating. The explanation for this acceleration is the existence of some unknown form of energy in the space between the matter causing the space to expand at an accelerating rate.
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- They call this “Dark Energy“. Physicists can not explain what causes Dark Energy or why it is such a small force in the Universe. The force of Dark Energy itself appears to be finely tuned.
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- Several physicists believe that an infinite number of Universes, or a Multiverse, is the only explanation for the fine tuning problem. When you have eliminated all the impossibilities than whatever remains, however improbable, must be the answer.
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- Inflation and String Theory are two other reasons for the theory of a Multiverse. Astronomers can not explain the Big Bang theory without introducing the theory of “Inflation”.
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- Inflation is when a quantum fluctuation expanded the Universe thousands of times in the briefest of moments, faster than the speed of light. Inflation was like a phase change similar to when liquid water suddenly freezes into solid ice. After the phase change the Universe returned to expanding at its current rate. The faster-than-light change is the only way the Universe could be homogeneous and isotropic today.
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- But, quantum fluctuations happen all the time. So, could space and time be exploding and inflating in big bangs into other Universes all the time?
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- String Theory is a new math that treats all the fundamental particles as little vibrating strings rather than particles or waves. String Theory equations can be used to explain much of what we observe in the Universe just like Einstein’s equations can.
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- Einstein’s equations assume variables with 4 degrees of freedom, 3 dimensions of space and 1 dimension of time. 4-dimensons in space-time. String Theory needs 11 degrees of freedom in order for the variables to allow solving the equations. 4 dimensions in spacetime and 7 more dimensions that are too small for us to detect.
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- However, with 11 degrees of freedom and the range of the variables in the equations the sheer number of possible solutions is nearly infinite. Therefore, it is impossible to prove a String Theory equation because there is always some random combination that is always right. But, does this mean that there are an infinite number of Universes operating under these infinite number of String Theory equations?
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- To prove String Theory astronomers need new and testable “predictions” about properties in our Universe. It is not acceptable to use existing data and then change the equations to match the results you see. String Theory is a work in process because nothing is proven yet.
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- The Large Hadron Collider, a particle accelerator in CERN, Switzerland, and the Planck spacecraft to be launched this year by the European Space Agency will both be searching for experimental evidence to prove that String Theory and Multiverse exist.
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- Skeptics need data. If you allow yourself to hypothesize an almost unlimited portfolio of different worlds you can explain anything.
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- If there are infinite universes, where do us humans fit in?
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- If there is only one Universes, who is the fine-tuner to make this one just right for us?
Thank you to whomever came up with this Universe. It does not get any better than this.
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- December 12, 2019 2536 1036
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--------------------- Tuesday, December 17, 2019 --------------------
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