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----------------- - 1813 - Galactic Storms, Quakes, and Waves
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- There is a lot going on out there. Space is not as peaceful and quiet as we thought a few years ago. The more we learn the more violent it gets.
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- Let’s start out close to home. Sunspots have been recorded by astronomers since 1859 when a giant solar flare hit the Earth. If a similar solar flare hit us today it would have devastating effects on the electric grid, satellites, and all forms of the world’s communication systems.
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- Then there are quakes occurring in our Milky Way Galaxy. Different than Earthquakes, and sunspot quakes, but never the less, a type of sound wave passing through a medium of space. When a Dwarf Galaxy, packed with Dark Matter, skimmed past our Galaxy a few hundred million years ago, it created seismic waves on a galactic scale in the interstellar gas that is in our Galaxy’s outer disk.
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- Just as seismologists analyze waves to infer properties in the Earth’s interior, astronomers use waves in the galactic disk to analyze the Galaxies interior structure and mass.
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- A similar event occurred with the Whirlpool Galaxy, M51, that is 26 million lightyears from us. The Dwarf Galaxy was NGC5195. Spectroscopy was used to calculate the speed of 3 Cepheid Variable Stars. Cepheids pulsate, modulating their intrinsic brightness which can in turn be used to calculate their distances.
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- The Cepheids are racing away from us at 450,000 miles per hour ( radial velocity). This Dwarf Galaxy brushed by our Galaxy millions of years ago leaving Gravity Ripples in its wake. Now it is skimming the Whirlpool Galaxy.
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- Astronomers hope that analysis of these ripples, like seismic waves, might help us learn more about the interior of galaxies and in particular the amount of Dark Matter that makes up their total mass. Estimates are the Dark Matter is 85% of all matter in these galaxies.
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- To learn how Cepheids are used to calculate distances: These are pulsating stars the are varying their luminosity in a relationship to the pulsating period. For example a pulsating star has a peak brightness ever 30 days. At its peak the luminosity it is 10,000 times brighter than our Sun. The Sun’s luminosity is 3.8*10^26 watts. The Apparent Brightness of the star is 1.0*10^-12 watts / meter^2.
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- The distance squared is proportional to the ratio of the Luminosity / 4*pi * (Apparent Brightness).
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------------------------ d^2 = L / 4*pi* (AB)
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---------------------- d^2 = 3.8*10^26 / 4*pi*(1.0*10^-12) meters^2
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----------------------- d^2 = 0.3 * 10^38 m^2
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-------------------------- d = .55 *10^19 meters
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--------------------- Lightyear = 9.5*10^16 meters
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------------------ The distance is 58 lightyears away.
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- To explain the Universe that we observe looking 10 billion lightyears in one direction and then 10 billion lightyears in the opposite direction and seeing the same structured Universe. It looks exactly the same. There is not enough time for light, or any information, to have traveled between these two opposite locations. How could they share the exact same features if they had never been in contact? They must have been together in the early history of the Universe and there must have been a period of expansion that was faster than the speed of light. This is what is known as “ Cosmic Inflation”.
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- To explain ratio of Dark Matter science is suggesting there was a secondary inflation period. Best estimates are that Dark matter makes up 25% of all the mass -energy in the Universe. Ordinary Matter is only 5%. The remainder is Dark Energy.
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- Cosmic Inflation is thought to have occurred when the Universe was only 10^-35 seconds old. It lasted for less that a second. Science is proposing a secondary inflation less violent that occurred when the Universe was a few minutes old. This could account for the dilution of Dark Matter.
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- When the Universe expanded and cooled enough for the Dark Matter particles to be frozen out of the plasma. The secondary inflation period diluted its abundance to match the density we observe today, about 25%.
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- Secondary inflation is only another theory to help science model a 70% Dark Energy, 25% Dar Matter , and 5% Ordinary Matter and to explain the ratios we observe today.
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- Request these Reviews to learn more:
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- #1754b - “The Tides of Gravity” Astronomers are studying tidal streams to locate the center of gravity in our Galaxy.
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- # 1751 - “Einstein’s Theory of Gravity” All bodies accelerate in a gravitational field the same regardless of mass or composition.
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- #1456 - “Gravity’s Tidal Forces” The ground you stand on can rise more that a foot as the Moon passes overhead.
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- #43 - “ The Gravity of it All” If the Earth was spinning 5 times faster ( a 5 hour day) what would happen to gravity?
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----- 707-536-3272 ---------------------- Wednesday, January 20, 2016 -----
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