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----------------- 1820 - Dark Matter - What do we know about it matters.
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- All luminous matter ( visible stars, gas, = 20%) in galaxies appears to be nested inside a large cocoon of Dark Matter ( = 80%). The early formation of hydrogen and helium gas into proto-galactic clouds collapsed inward to form stars. However, the weak interactions of Dark Matter (WIMPS) remained in the halo because of its inability to radiate away its orbital energy like visible matter did.
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- The laws of physic allows us to calculate the mass inside the star’s orbit from its orbital velocity. If the galaxy rotated like a Merry Go Round the stars farther from the center move in larger circles and faster speeds.
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- The opposite happens with our Solar System of planets. The planets closer to the center orbit at faster speeds and those farther from the Sun orbit at slower speeds. This is because the gravitational force from the Sun decreases with the square of distance. A lower speed , with lower centripetal force balances the lower gravity force at greater distances.
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- The Force of Gravity = the product of the masses divided by the square of the distance between them..
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----------------------------- F = G * M *m / R^2
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------------------------------ F = m * a
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----------------------------- Force = mass * acceleration
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----------------- M = R^2 * a / G (m^2) (m) (kg*sec^2) // (sec^2) (m^3)
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- Calculating the Mass of the Earth (M) knowing the acceleration of gravity (a):
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- --------------------------- G = the Gravitational Constant of proportionality for the units we are using.
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----------------------------- G = 6.673 *10^-11 (m^3 / kg * sec^2)
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----------------------------- a = 9.8 m/sec^2
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----------------------------- R = radius of Earth = 6.37*10^6 meters
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---------------------------- M = 9.8 (6.37 * 10^6)^2 / 6.673 *10^-11
---------------------------- = (m) (m^2) (kg*sec^2) // (sec^2) (m^3)
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- ------------------------ M = 5.96 *10^24 kg
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- Mass of the Earth = 5,960,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kilograms.
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- A little different formula is used to calculate the mass of the Sun based on the orbit of Earth. Mass is proportional to the radius cubed and inversely proportional to the period squared.
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----------- M = 4 * pi * R^3 / G * T^2 (m^3) * (kg*sec^2) // (m^3)* (sec^2)
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------------------------ T = period of orbit.
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------------------------- T = 365 days *24*60*60 = 3.15 *10^7 seconds
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------------------------- R = 1.5^10^11 meters
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-------------------------- M = 4 * (3.14)^2 * (1.5*10^11)^3 // (6.67*10^-11) *
(3.15*10^7)^2 (m^3) (kg*sec^2) / (m^3) * (sec^2)
---------------------------M = 4 * (9.86) * (3.375*10^33) / / (6.67*10^-11) *
(9.9*10^14) kg
-------------------------- M = 2*10^30 kilograms
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- These are the laws of physics that we hold true. But the Galaxy rotation is different still. In this case the 100 billion Solar Mass inside the Sun’s orbit keeps the orbital speeds of all the stars about the same. For the physics to work there must be a spherical halo of mass 10 times greater outside the Sun’s orbit about the Galaxy center.
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- No radiation can be detected coming from the massive halo. Thus the name “Dark Matter“.
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- By comparing a galaxy’s mass to its luminosity we always get the same result. There is 5 to 10 times more mass there than is visible. And, orbital velocities are flat. That is the velocities are the same with increasing distances from the center. A halo of Dark Matter must exist around all galaxies.
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- The total Dark Matter appears to contribute 25% of the total mass-energy in the Universe. However, after years of research not one Dark Matter particle has ever been discovered
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- What do we know about Dark Matter?
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---------------- (1) It must move more slowly that the speed of light.
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---------------- (2) It does not absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation.
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---------------- (3) It must be electrically neutral
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---------------- (4) The particles must be massive.
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---------------- (5) The particles must not interact with the Strong Nuclear Force ( Gluons).
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---------------- (6) The particles must be stable on cosmic timescales.
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---------------- (7) Dark Matter must have originated with the Big Bang
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---------------- (8) A Dark Matter particle is prohibited from decaying into Ordinary Matter. That is Parity must be Conserved.
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- What is left is a mysterious particle yet to be detected called a WIMP. A “ weak Interactive Massive Particle”
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- Maybe there is not one DM particle but several? Maybe interactive forces exist between DM particles but do not interact with Ordinary Matter? Maybe DM particles emit Dark Photons that interact with a Dark Charge?
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- Observations are that DM exists in spherical clouds and never evolve into DM spiral galaxies.
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- But, what if it did? Could there be Dark Electromagnetism leading to Dark Matter emitting and absorbing Dark Photons?
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- Galaxies have a flattened structure because electromagnetism allows Ordinary Matter to radiate energy and settle into disks. For the same to be true with Dark Matter the Dark Charge must be very small, less that 1% the ordinary electric charge.
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- “ Fermions” are quantum particles with “ spin ½” Quarks are Fermions. Quarks form protons and neutrons. Is there such a thing as Dark Fermions? Could there exist a “Dark Chemistry” that creates its own Dark Molecules?
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- To summarize “ On large galactic scales: Ordinary Matter gravitationally bound to the laws of physics does not act consistent with these laws. To gain consistency we need to create an unobserved distribution of new mass.
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- Request these Reviews to learn more:
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- #1800 - Dark Energy - 70% of the Universe.
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- #1636 - Dark Matter. - 25% of the Universe. Calculating the mass of the Galaxy Clusters.
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- #1777 - Calculating the mass of the Milky Way Galaxy inside the Earth’s orbit around the Galaxy Center, taking 250 million years to complete. Lists 12 additional reviews about Dark Matter. Here are some of the review comments:
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- The nucleus of an atom has less mass- energy that its components. Carbon 1% less than its 12 components.
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- Objects follow a “ straight line” defined by the shape of the Universe. Just like you walking a straight line from the north pole to the equator.
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- A scientific theory can be disproved by a single counter example. It can never be proved regardless of the number of examples, that becomes faith not science.
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- The best scientists are always trying to shoot down their own theories.
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- Except for hydrogen which is about 10% of our body weight, the rest is star dust:
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--------------------------- 61% oxygen, mostly in water molecules
--------------------------- 2.6% nitrogen
--------------------------- 1.4% calcium
--------------------------- 1.1% phosphorus
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- Exclusion Principle - no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state.
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- Dark Matter has mass and therefore causes space-time to curve.
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- Dark Energy - The Cosmological Constant - is a repulsive force the opposite of gravity.
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- What is the past depends on where you are in the space and time network.
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- Every galaxy is in the center of its own visible Universe.
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----- 707-536-3272 ---------------------- Friday, January 29, 2016 -----
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