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----------------- 1814 - Neutrinos
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- Neutrinos - are particles like electrons and Quarks, called Leptons, but , these particles have very little mass and travel at nearly the speed of light. They come in 3 different varieties but because they have neutral charge they are “ almost’ undetectable.
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- Particle physics is trying to reduce the Universe to as few particles as possible. Particles appear to be waves that have just slowed down to have mass. If a particle has no mass then it must travel at the speed of light. Photons have no mass but they still have momentum while traveling at 186,300 miles per second.
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- Particle physics has the list narrowed down to 12 particles, 8 of which only exist for short times at high energies. Then there are 4 force particles plus the new Higgs Boson. But, then you have to double the 12 particles to include their equivalent anti-particles, same mass but opposite charge. If a particle and an anti-particle come in contact with each other they both disappear in a flash of Gamma Rays, from matter to energy.
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- One of the mysteries in physics is why there is an imbalance with far more matter than anti-matter. The Big Bang should have produced equal amounts. Somehow we ended up with a Universe of matter? Maybe there is another equal Universe made only of anti-matter? Neutrino research appears to have some of the answers. Maybe?
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- Before we can make things simpler we need to make them more complicated with new names and definitions, Sorry. We start with 2 particles.
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------------------- Fermions -------------------------- Bosons ------------------------
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- Bosons are the particles that carry the 4 forces. Photons carry light.
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- Fermions are the particles that make up all matter. There are 2 types of Fermions:
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----------------- Leptons ------------------------ Quarks -------------------------
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- Quarks are in the nucleus of atoms. There are 3 per Proton, 2 Up Quarks and 1 Down Quark. And, there are 3 per Neutron, 1 Up Quark and 2 Down Quarks. Protons carry the positive electric charge. Neutrons are neutral.
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- Leptons are the particles outside the nucleus. Like electrons in orbiting shells around the nucleus.
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---------------------- Electrons -------------- Neutrinos ---------------------------
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- Electrons carry the negative electric charge
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- Neutrinos are neutral charge and almost weightless.
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- Neutrinos are high energy fundamental particles but they pass through almost everything they touch, always traveling at near light speed.
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- Some 54 high-energy Neutrinos have been detected at the South pole ICECUBE experiment. The experiment uses a cubic kilometer of ice 1.5 kilometers below the surface of the South Pole. If a Neutrino happens to interact with a water molecule the charged particles radiate a blue light, called Cherenkov radiation. ICECUBE has 5,160 optical detectors spaced throughout the block of ice to detect this event. By timing the detectors astronomers can calculate speed and direction of the Neutrino particle.
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- Two detections were made at energies of 1.07*10^15 electron volts and 1.24 PeV. For comparison the CERN particle accelerator is Tera electron volts , TeV (10^12 eV).
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- Cosmic Rays bombard the Earth from space. They are high energy protons traveling at near light speed. They are charged particles and are deflected by magnetic field. Therefore it is hard to identify their source. Astronomers suspect they come from supernovae explosions. They hope to detect Neutrinos produced by Cosmic Ray collisions occurring in the upper atmosphere.
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- There are 3 varieties of Neutrinos : muon, tau and electron. Maybe these are not Neutrinos being detected? Maybe they are Dark Matter particles with PeV energies. ICECUBE has detected 28 thought to be Neutrinos between 10 and 1,200 TeV in 2015.
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- In 1928 Paul Dirac developed equations that required electrons to sometimes have negative energy ( a positive charge). In 1932 the “Positron” was discovered ( the anti-electron carrying a positive charge.)
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- A particle is considered “ right - handed” if its spin is in the same direction as its motion. It is considered left-handed it its spin is in the opposite direction.
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- In 1937 it was proposed the Neutrinos and Anti-neutrinos were actually the same particle. This is not that unusual . It is thought that Gluons, particles that hold the nucleus of atoms together, and Higgs Boson, particles that confer mass to all particles , are also their own anti-particles.
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- In 1998 It was determined that Neutrinos do indeed have a very small mass ( < 0.13 *10^-9 GeV/c^2)
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- Evidence that the Neutrino is its own anti-particle is found in the number of Leptons and anti-Leptons that occur in an interaction. The Law of Conservation would require the number of Leptons to remain the same before and after all interactions.
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- The search for a violation of “ Conservation “ involves the “ double beta decay”. this is a process in which a nucleus decays into a different nucleus and emits 2 electrons and 2 anti-neutrinos. If anti-neutrinos annihilate each other that that would violate ‘Lepton Number conservation”
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- If the above occurs that would at the same time favor matter over anti-matter creating the imbalance we observe in nature today. If this experiment proves out it would change our understanding of where particles get their mass. There could be tow different neutrino and anti-neutrino states yet to be discovered.
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- These experiments are extremely difficult to pull off. the must occur in very quiet environments with very clean detectors and without any interference for outside radioactivity. Stay tuned, an announcement will be made shortly.
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- Request any of these Reviews to learn more:
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- #1631 Neutrinos used to detect Supernovae Explosions.
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- #1608 - While you were reading this sentence 65,000,000 Neutrinos passed through your thumbnail.
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- #1589 - There maybe be an undiscovered particle called the “ Sterile Neutrino “ that interacts with gravity abut with none of the other forces.
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- #1219 - ICECUBE - the Neutrino telescope at the South Pole
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- #1139 - The Universe will light up when we can see with Neutrino eyes.
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- #630 - The Earth’s surface receives 65 billion Neutrinos per cm^2 per second.
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- #732 - The Neutrino is a Fermion because it has ½ integer spin.
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