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----------------- -1181 - Dark Energy and the Higgs Field
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- The Higgs Boson particle was predicted to exist 50 years ago using theory and mathematics. It was not discovered until 2012 using the $4.9 Billion machine called the Large Hadron Collider (CERN).
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- The Higgs Boson and the Higgs Field is what gives all other particles their mass. Mass is not an intrinsic property like electric charge. The strength of the electric charge of an electron is always the same everywhere.
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------------------------- Electric Charge = - 1.6 * 10^-19 Coulombs
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------------------------ Coulomb = Ampere * second and the force between two charges 1 meter apart when the force is 9*10^9 Newtons the charges on each is 1 Coulomb. But, the point is it is always the same under all circumstances, even in relative motion.
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- Protons are 1,840 times heavier than an electron yet has the same charge with the opposite sign. Electrons moving fast can weigh more than protons at rest. Mass increases with velocity.
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- Mass is not intrinsic. Mass is created by an invisible field, the Higgs Field. This field like a magnetic field , or an electric field, or a gravitational field but, has the property to interact with other particles to create their inertia or mass. The heavier the mass the stronger the interaction.
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- The particle that carries this force field is the Higgs Boson. Like photons carry the electromagnetic field. Bosons are particles with 0 or 1 integer spin, example the photon has a spin 1. Fermions are particles with half and integer spin, ½, 3/2, 5/2, example is the electron has a spin ½.
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- One of the mysteries remaining with mass is identifying the source of Dark Matter. The Dark Matter particles interact with gravity but not with the electromagnetic field. It is “ Dark” because it does not interact with light, or any part of electromagnetic spectrum.
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- Observations of the interaction with gravity tell us that 80% of all the matter in the Universe is Dark Matter. 20% is ‘ Ordinary Matter”, which is made of Quarks and electrons.
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- Supersymmetry, or SUSY, is a theory that proposes that every particle has a heavier “super” particle.
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--------------- Every electron has a heavier “ selectron”
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--------------- Every Quark has a heavier “ squark”.
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- SUSY doubles the number of particles in the Table of Fundamental Particles and those in the entire Universe.
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- This SUSY theory proposes that Dark Matter has a particle called the “ neutralino” that is 100 times heavier that a proton. Neutralinos would not interact with Ordinary Matter, but, they would interact with gravity.
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- The problem with SUSY theory is that physic has never found any evidence that any of these “ super” particles actually exist.
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- The Higgs Boson has a mass of 126 billion electron volts. The Supersymmetry theory predicts there are 5 different Higgs Bosons with 5 different masses. This one discovered to date is the lightest one.
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- Physics is still searching for more powerful particle accelerators that can reach the energies needed to discover these heavier particles.
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- Remember Einstein showed us that energy and mass are the same thing E = mc^2
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----------------- mass = (0.111*10^-16) * Energy
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- Einstein did not know about Higgs Fields and Dark Energy. The strengths of these fields are responsible for all the matter, structure, and life in the Cosmos.
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------------------- 1 - strength of the Higgs Field
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-------------------- 2 - strength of Dark Energy
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- The strength of the Higgs is what gives particles mass. Mass is what gives curvature to space-time. Curvature of space-time is what gives us gravity. A stronger Higgs field with more mass would be trying to stop the expansion and pull the Universe back to a single point
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- The strength of the Dark Energy field is the opposite. It is trying to expand the space between mass at an ever increasing acceleration. All mass would separate in to a cold, dark oblivion.
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- One is compressing space-time the other is expanding space-time. One is pulling the Universe together the other is blowing it apart. We are stuck in between the two fields.
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- The Higgs Field is just “ slightly” turned on. Somehow it is Goldilocks just right. Any different and there would be no structure in the Universe.
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- Dark Energy is repulsive force accelerating the expansion of the Universe. It was first measured in 1998. It is the energy of empty space. Any different and there would be no structure in the Universe.
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- If we do the math for Dark Energy it should be 10^120 times stronger that our observations tell us it is? Thank God it is so weak. If this repulsive force were any stronger it would rip our Universe apart. Atoms, galaxies, stars, planets would not exist.
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- How and why are these two opposing fields so “finely tuned” to allow life to exist? God has set the numbers for both forces just right. “ We lucked out” Thank God.
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- To learn more request these Reviews:
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- #1805 - 2015 new discoveries in astronomy and physics. Higgs, gravity waves, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy.
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- #1748 - The science of empty space. Radio waves are ripples that travel through your body. Ripples in the Higgs Field are call Higgs Bosons.
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- #1577 - All things at their smallest level are ” quanta”, small packets too small to see of even to measure.
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- #1498 - What is the Higgs Boson? Fortunately anti-matter does not occupy our natural world in any stable form.
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- #1495 - Larger energies correspond to smaller distances. The Higgs Boson is 126 GeV.
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- #1423 - Peter Higgs wrote 2 papers in 1964 predicting the Boson to cause particles to have mass.
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