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----------------- 1817 - Quantum Mechanics and Gravity.
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- Quantum Mechanics and Gravity approach the same physics from two different directions. Gravity has the math of General Relativity. Quantum Mechanics has the math that works with atoms and the smallest particles. Neither math works successfully in the other’s territory.
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- That is the challenge for physics today, two current approaches to unify quantum theory and gravity involve new math found in String Theory, and Loop Quantum Gravity.
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- String Theory has the premise that the smallest particles are “ strings” that may be closed loops onto themselves or have loose ends. These strings can vibrate, stretch, join or split. Various combinations form manifolds that are the matter and space-time the we observe.
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- Loop Quantum Gravity involves the quantum properties of space-time. In this theory space-time is a network with nodes and links of which quantum properties are assigned.
Space becomes discrete chunks.
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- String Theory requires space-time to have not 4 dimensions but 10 dimensions. This Theory implies the existence of “ Supersymmetry”. The 12 particles in the Standard Model of Quarks and Leptons have 12 higher energy counterparts for a total of 24 fundamental particles. Add anti-particles and the total is 48. None of the super particles have been discovered to date.
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- The two groups of theorists attend separate conferences. Recent guests have tried to bring them together in search of the “ Theory of Everything”. What both theories lack is experimental evidence to move forward. Ideas in separate directions are going nowhere.
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- The General Theory of Relativity requires an objects length to contract depending on how fast the observer is moving relative to it. Also, time slows down with the faster relative motion. But, the laws of physics should be the same regardless of relative velocities.
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- Loop Quantum Gravity defines the behavior of space-time at the Planck scale ( 10^-43 meters). As we zoom out to higher scales space-time smoothes out to a continuous geometry.
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- The two theories are approaching the challenge explaining the behavior of Blackholes. One theory creates a “ firewall” at the Event Horizon. The other maintains that an observer has now way to tell if he had crossed the Horizon.
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- Is all Quantum information lost once it crosses the Horizon?
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- Can the theory explain particle “ entanglement”.?
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- Do Blackholes eventually evaporate separating matter and anti-matter?
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-Can Wormholes explain Blackhole behavior?
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- Some maintain that Loop Quantum Gravity is a “ method” not a ‘theory”. It is a new way to think of Quantum Mechanics and geometry.
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- Some think that both theories are nice ideas but Nature is not like that. “ God does not play dice.”
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- What most all are in agreement is that theories to bring the Quantum world and the Cosmos world of Relativity together are “incomplete.”
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- More evidence of incompleteness comes from “ entanglement” All atomic particles appear to have this property. But, it is best explained with 2 electrons. The lowest energy lever of all atoms contains 2 electrons ( except hydrogen that has only one electron ). The “ Exclusion Principle” requires that the electrons not be in the same “ state”. One has spin-up , the other has spin-down. If one switches up to down the other switches down to up, instantaneously. They are “entangled“.
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- They remain entangled regardless of the distance of separation after leaving the atom. Even if one is sent to the Moon. Flipping one spin, flips the other instantaneously. Communications that must happen faster than the speed of light. Entanglement remains to be disproven or explained. Somehow the 2 electrons behave as one.
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- It is a property of the Quantum world. Take a measurement of one, it correlates with a measurement of the other with no time for communications between them.
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- One explanation is that particle properties only come in to existence when we observe them. It has something to do with the structure of the Universe. If we see a yellow pencil we assume it was yellow even before we observed it.
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- Make two assumptions: One is that particles have real properties (spin, color). The other is that nothing travels faster than light. One of these assumptions has to be wrong.
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- Could higher dimensions, more that 3 of space and 1 of time, be part of the explanation?
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- Or, do particles not have a property until we measure them. Seeing them is a form of measurement. Then both entangled particles have the property at the same time? Reality does not exist until we see it?
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- Whatever you are about to measure is not predictable. We invest in free choice and we get randomness in return. This last property will become important for cryptography and data security in our future. Here’s a how:
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- Entangled particles can be polarized, spin up or spin down, like a 1 or a 0. But, the properties are not there before we measure them. No one can see them because for a certain time the information does not exist.
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- For encryption you have certain random bits that 2 parties know but no one else can know. By sharing a random bit that no one else knows only the intended receiver can decrypt it.
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- The sender and receiver are entangled. The sender’s message will send a 1 and the receiver will receive a 0 so for the receiver decryption is easy. But, anyone else intercepting the message gets random bits of 1’s and 0’s with no correlation to either the sender or the receiver. Perfect Security!
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- It becomes a type of teleportation. The message disappears on the sender side and at the same time reappears on the receiver’s side faster than the speed of light, regardless of the distance of separation, or the speed of their relative motion. The sender-receiver are in effect in the same Reference Frame and are taking the measurement at the same time.
- Using Quantum Cryptography you can constantly produce new secret keys. This becomes critical when Quantum Computers exist in our future. These computers decrypt any message that pubic key systems use to communicate, banks, stores will not be able to provide security with keys, unless they are Quantum Entangled keys.
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- Classical computers go through every possibility and check all possible keys. Quantum computers do all the steps at once and can break any security key in seconds.
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- We can entangle electrons, photos and atoms today. Does it stop there or can any matter be entangled?
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- We have to rethink the laws of physics.
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- The large and the small of physics operate in two different worlds and we do not know yet how to connect the two.
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- What happens if humans get entangled????????
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- If everything is Quantum we are all entangled to one another. Or, do Quantum properties disappear when things get larger. How and why could this happen. Size matters.
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- God only knows, stay tuned, an announcement will be made shortly.
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- Request these Reviews to learn more:
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- #1801 - Entanglement, space-time, and Wormholes. Quantum Mechanics premise is that empty space is not truly empty. It is full of virtual particles.
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- #1231 - Every observer in the Universe sees something happening simultaneously as happening at different times in space-time.
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- #1229 - Everything in the Universe entangled in property pairs.
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- #1039 - Somehow 2 masses appear to communicate with each other to create the force of gravity.
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- #659 - The Quest for Reality
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- #539 - The Birth of Quantum Mechanics.
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- #67 - Welcome to the Quantum World.
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- #51 The waves of matter. The wavelength of an electron is 6.625 * 10^-10 meters. The radius of the Universe is 0.5 * 10^26 meters.
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