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- Your eyes detect only frequencies between 400 and 700 nanometers wavelength.
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------------------ (A nanometer is one billionth of a meter in length).
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- The stars at night are not close enough for you to feel infrared radiation, 1000 to 1,000,000 nanometers wavelength; or, to get a star tan from ultraviolet radiation, 1 to 100 nanometers wavelength. Your eyes only detect that small frequency range of visible starlight and your body only feels radiation when it is relatively intense.
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- If your eyes were broadband detectors that could detect the full spectrum of electromagnetic radiation there would be no “darkness” between the stars. The entire sky would be filled with radiation.
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- There is the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, the Cosmic Infrared radiation, the Cosmic Optical Background radiation, the Cosmic X-ray Background radiation, and even Gamma Ray radiation at the far end of the spectrum.
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- The infrared, optical, and ultraviolet radiation are mainly caused by thermonuclear fusion in stars, like our Sun. Quasars and Black Holes suck in matter and convert gravitational energy into radiation that covers a very broad band from radio waves to gamma ray wavelengths.
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- Intergalactic clouds of dust absorb optical, ultraviolet, and X-ray radiation and re-radiate it in the far-infrared wavelengths. All of these contribute to the background radiation that is between the stars.
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- Today’s satellite data from X-ray observations have shown that we have far underestimated the prevalence of super massive Black Holes in the Universe. Chandra, one of our X-ray detection satellites, stared at a dark spot in the sky, about two-thirds the size of a full Moon, for 23 days, a very long time exposure. It detected 600 point sources of X-ray radiation.
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- Studying this same dark spot in the sky with optical telescopes, such as the Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers determined that each one of those X-ray sources were at the center of an optical galaxy. If you extrapolate that small dark spot in the sky to the whole sky than there are 300,000,000 super massive black holes over the whole sky. What appears to be a background of X-ray radiation is actually a multitude of Black Hole point sources at the center of every galaxy.
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- The X-ray background covers the wavelengths from .001 nanometer to 10 nanometers. If we take the length of one wave, the wavelength, times the frequency, the number of waves per second, we get the speed of the radiation, the speed of light. (w*f = c) .
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- Therefore, the speed of light, 300,000,000 meters per second divided by the wavelength gives us the frequency of the X-ray spectrum, 30,000,000 Gigahertz to 300,000,000,000 Gigahertz. One Gigahertz is one billion wavelength cycles per second, or on billion hertz.
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- The higher the frequency the higher the photon energy of the radiation. This X-ray background radiation corresponds to 124 to 1,240,800 electron volts. Photon energy is calculated using the formula, energy = Planck’s Constant * frequency.
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- Planck’s Constant = 4.136*10^-15 electron volts * seconds. One electron volt is about the energy needed in the blink of an eye. It is about equal to the energy needed to raise a grain of sand one centimeter off the surface of Earth.
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- The Black Hole at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy is relatively small, only 4,600,000 solar masses. The typical super massive black hole is 1000 times bigger, in the billions of solar mass.
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- Astronomers are beginning to conclude that black holes are the seeds for the start of all galaxy formations. The galaxy of stars begins around a small black hole of 10 to 1000 solar mass. In the beginning the galaxy of stars create the optical starlight that lights up the galaxy.
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- The black hole grows exponentially swallowing up material with its growing gravity pull. After 500,000,000 years the hole is so fat, a billion solar mass, that the infalling material outshines all the stars in the galaxy and a quasar is born. It looks like a giant point source of light.
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- After some time the quasar has eaten up the fuel that feeds it and the black hole falls asleep and is quiet again allowing the remaining stars to shine. Our Milky Way Black Hole is in this sleep mode.
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- All of this cosmic radiation fills the background we can’t see between the stars. The next time you look at the dark sky try to imagine the entire scope of radiation that fills in between the stars and the myriad of point sources and clouds of matter that create this radiation throughout our Universe.
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- Of course, the oldest and coldest radiation is the Microwave Background radiation that we have not talked about. Its source was the hot plasma that filled our Universe up to 400,000 years after the Big Bang.
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- The Cosmic microwave Background radition wavelength is so spread out due to the expansion of the Universe that today it has a wavelength of 1,000,000 nanometers. It has a cold temperature of 2.7 degrees Kelvin, - 270 degrees Centigrade.
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- Its diffused energy level is .00124 electron volts at 300 Gigahertz. It is everywhere and comes to us from all directions. Its point source is so far away, 13,700,000,000 light years away and it started its journey 13,700,000,000 years ago.
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- Life is so much more than we can see.
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- Isaac Newton, thought to be the smartest man that ever lived, once said that he felt like a young boy at the sea shore picking up a rock and a shell of knowledge with the whole ocean of the unknown out in front of him.
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- March 31, 2020 621 2688
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--------------------- Tuesday, March 31, 2020 -------------------------
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