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--------------------- 2649 - SUPERNOVA - the runaway universe?
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- The Strong force acts over a distance of only .0000000000001 centimeters (10^-13), the width of an atom, but, it completely overpowers the electromagnetic force and the nuclei fuse together.
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- When two protons fuse they form the nucleus of deuterium, but the mass is about 1% less than the combined mass of the two protons. This amount of mass is converted into energy according to E = mc^2 and in the form of a positron (a positive or anti-electron) and an anti-neutrino.
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- Collisions and annihilations of these subatomic particles with other subatomic particles spreads this kinetic energy throughout the interior of the star. When the energy eventually reaches the surface of the star it has slowed down enough to become infrared, visible and ultraviolet light. ppp
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- When the star is in equilibrium it radiates as much electromagnetic energy at its surface as it produces in fusion energy at its interior core.
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- Nuclear fusion occurs at the center because gravitational pressure and the highest temperature occur at the core. Temperature is simply a measure of the average velocity of particles.
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- There hydrogen is fused into helium. When hydrogen is gone and the more massive stars continue their gravitational pressure helium fuses into carbon and oxygen. If the core continues to get hotter and denser these nuclei fuse into silicon, neon, magnesium and iron.
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- When the element iron is fused the nuclear fusion process stops because fusing iron into higher level elements requires that iron nuclei absorb energy rather than produce energy. When iron is at the core fusion stops and the star collapses.
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- The total collapse of the star happens in less than one second. A giant implosion produces a neutron star where all the protons and electrons are squeezed into neutrons at the center.
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- This sudden collapse cause a bounce to occur at the core creating a giant shockwave that shoots outward. The shockwave becomes an explosion, a supernovae, that blasts the stars outer layers into space at thousands of miles per second.
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- The supernova explosion crunches elements together even more that fusion at the core does. Elements heavier than iron are produced in these collisions that are spread throughout space in the form of interstellar gas.
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- Our Sun contains some of these elements which means that our Sun is a second or third generation star made from the interstellar gas created by previous sun supernovae.
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- The mass our Sun has only diminished 4% since the Solar System was first formed. So we still have more time. Enjoy the sunshine while we have it!
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- See r\review 2636 that lists 24 more reviews all about supernovae
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- March 3, 2020 613 2649
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--------------------- Friday, March 6, 2020 --------------------
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