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----------------------------- 2686 - PROTON - how to calculate its mass?
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- Physicists have calculated the mass of a proton and the calculations agree with observational evidence to within 4% , and they again prove that Einstein’s E=mc^2 is exactly correct.
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- The calculations were not easy. It took a supercomputer that can do 200,000,000,000,000 arithmetical calculations a second over one year to get the answer. There are 31,560,000 seconds in a year, so after 6,320,000,000,000,000,000,000 calculations the computer come up with the right answer.
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- Physicists are still trying to understand the atom and to do this they must work with the smallest elementary particles in physics. Let’s try to understand the size of the particles and the complexity of these calculations: Let’s start with the smallest animal that we can not see, the bacteria. The bacteria are 1,000 nanometers in size. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter.
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--------------- bacteria ----------------------- 1,000 nanometers
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--------------- virus --------------------------- 100 nanometers
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--------------- protein molecule --------------- 10 nanometers
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--------------- DNA strand ----------------------- 1 nanometers
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--------------- an atom -------------------------- 0.1 nanometers
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--------------- a nucleus --------------------- 0.000,01 nanometers
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--------------- a proton ---------------------- 0.000,001 nanometers
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--------------- an electron ------------------ 0.000,000,001 nanometers
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--------------- a quark ----------------------- 0.000,000,0001 nanometers
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- The Quark is the fundamental particle inside the protons and neutrons that are the nucleus of atoms. To illustrative the relative size of these particles let’s make the Quark the size of a marble. A solid marble is a lattice structure of atoms and a cubic centimeter is about one molecular weight.
- Which means it has Avogadro’s number of atoms: 602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000 atoms per mole. If we make one of those atom’s Quarks the size of the marble, then:
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---------- atom ----------- distance of a 10 kilometer race, 6.2 miles
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---------- nucleus --------- football stadium and parking lot
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---------- proton ---------- football field
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---------- electron -------- soccer ball
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---------- quark ----------- marble
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- So, comparing the Quark to the proton is like comparing the marble to the football field. The Quark is really small and the proton has 3 Quarks in it, two Up-Quarks and one Down-Quark. The mass of the 3 Quarks is only 5% of the mass of the Proton. The other particles in a proton are the Gluon, but they are massless. So, where does the proton get the other 95% of its mass?
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- The answer is that the rest of the mass inside the proton is all in the form of energy. The mass is the energy / c^2, according to E=mc^2. The energy is the Strong Nuclear Force that is holding the Quarks together.
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- The Gluons are the force carriers and they provide the strong nuclear interactions between the Quarks. If we can calculate this energy and convert it to mass by dividing by 90,000,000,000,000,000 meters^2 * second^2 we will get the 95% missing mass.
(c^2 = 9*10^16 m^2/s^2)
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- The energy calculation uses Quantum Mechanics equations that are called Quantum Chromodynamics. The Quarks are bound together by what is known as a “ color charge”. It similar to an electric charge except it comes in 3 colors instead of 2 polarities.
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- The three color charges are red, green and blue, and , this is where the “chromo” comes in Chromodynamics. There are six different types of Quarks. The proton only has three Quarks but the Up-Down changes to Charm-Strange, which changes to Top-Bottom Quarks at higher and higher energies. So, calculations have to deal with all six Quarks.
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- Then there are eight varieties of Gluons. All 14 of these fundamental particles are in the equations.
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- Now, the equations “approximated the continuum of spacetime with a four-dimensional crystal lattice composed of discrete points spaced along columns and rows.
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- The equations were solved on finer and finer lattices and then extrapolated the results to the continuum, painstakingly accounting and measuring every approximation and uncertainty along the way.” No wonder it took 6,320,000,000,000,000,000,000 calculations and over a year for a supercomputer to do this. And, super physicists to figure out how to do it.
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- The answer: The mass of all protons is 0.000000000000000000017626231 kilograms.
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- The mass of all protons expressed in energy units is 938,272,310 electron volts /c^2
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- Only 5% of this mass in all proton is the Quarks. The rest is energy in the form of Strong Nuclear Interactions. The interactions carried by Gluons that are constantly popping into existence and disappearing again. It is a form of energy of vacuum fluctuations that are holding everything together.
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- These exact calculations apply equally well to the neutron and to the nuclei of all the atoms. I only illustrated with the proton.
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- A coincidence exists when we measure the mass of the Universe as well. The Universe is composed of:
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-----------------1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms,
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---------------- (10^78 atoms, mostly hydrogen).
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And, like the proton’s Quarks, all of these atoms only account for 5% of the entire Universe mass. 95% of the Universe is composed of something we do not understand.
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- Today we call the stuff Dark Matter if it has gravity and Dark Energy if it has antigravity. Could the missing mass in the Universe be vacuum fluctuations of energy as well? The same stuff that makes up the proton makes up the entire Universe. My guess is YES. This is no coincidence.
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- The diameter of a Quark is 10^-19 meters.
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- The diameter of the Universe is 2*10^58 meters.
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- That is 77 orders of magnitude difference but I believe it is all the same stuff. Somehow all this stuff is matter and antimatter, positive and negative electric charge, north and south magnetic poles, gravity and antigravity and, it all cancels out.
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- Somehow the entire Universe adds up to nothing. In the beginning the Universe popped out of nothing. Just a vacuum fluctuation that popped and went haywire.
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- Put that one in your supercomputer and figure it out.
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- March 30, 2020 979 2686
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--------------------- Monday, March 30, 2020 -------------------------
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