- 2112 -
The fudge Factor that expanded the Universe. . We know the Universe is not
only expanding its expansion is accelerating at an ever faster rate. Now, science is resurrecting the cosmological
constant fudge factor in order to use
Einstein’s equations to explain an accelerating expansion that began 5 billion
years ago.
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----------- 2112 - Cosmological Constant - The fudge factor that expanded the Universe
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- In 1917 Albert Einstein completed his
equations for General Relativity and a new theory for gravity. He recognized that a problem with his
equations required the contraction or the expansion of the Universe but not the
static condition that everyone thought existed at the time. So,
Albert added a “cosmological constant”, a factor in the equations that allowed
the Universe to exactly balance and remain static.
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- In 1929 Edwin Hubble proved to Albert that the
remote galaxies were accelerating away from us.
The further away the faster galaxies receded. The Universe was expanding, it was not
static. Albert said that, unfortunately,
the cosmological constant was the
greatest blunder of his life. He should
not have added it to make the Universe static.
It was like balancing a pencil
upright on its point.
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- Today, we are
not so sure it was a blunder. We know
the Universe is not only expanding its expansion is accelerating at an ever
faster rate. Now, science is
resurrecting the cosmological constant in order to use Einstein’s equations to
explain an "accelerating expansion" that began 5 billion years ago.
-
- Dark Energy, a form of anti-gravity, a
repulsive force, started becoming more
dominate than Dark Matter that is all matter/energy creating gravity, an
attractive force, dominating the universe for the first 5 billion years.
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- Gravity
decreases with distance. Dark Energy and
anti-gravity are constant in all space, over all distances. Therefore, Dark Energy becomes more and more
dominate as the Universe continues to expand.
Its rate of expansion gets faster and faster. Science can rearrange Einstein’s equation and
insert the cosmological constant back in and get this observed affect in the
Cosmos.
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- Einstein’s
original idea in creating his equations was to define gravity so gravity and
accelerated motion were equivalent.
Without an outside reference you cannot tell the difference between
acceleration and gravity.
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- Einstein’s
equation had the Universe as static with no boundaries , curving back on itself
like the surface of a balloon. The
cosmological constant term in the equation produced a cosmic repulsion on large
scales enough that would just counteract gravitational attraction on large
scales.
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- Without the
cosmological constant in the equation there is no term to counteract gravity
and the Universe would eventually collapse on itself. With the term small enough the Universe would
expand and gravity would simply
continuously slow the expansion into infinity.
-
- Einstein’s
original equation related the curvature of space to the distribution of matter and
energy. When he added the constant he
put it on the left side of the equation suggesting it was a property of space
itself.
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- Today science
wants to put the constant on the right side of the equation and suggest that it
represents a new form of energy density.
The cosmological constant remains constant as space expands and
eventually dominates gravity’s attraction that decreases with distance.
-
- Evidence from supernovae explosions have convinced
astronomers that over the past 5,000,000,000 years the expansion of the
Universe has been speeding up.
Supernovae explosion were dimmer than expected which meant they were
further away than expected because the Universe was expanding faster than expected.
-
- The
measurement of the angular size of the small variations in the Cosmic Microwave
Background radiation have convinced astronomers that the geometry of the
Universe is flat. It is not a positive
curvature like the balloon shape as Einstein thought.
-
- For the Universe to be geometrically flat the
average matter/energy density must be equal to the Critical Density. The Critical Density is where the balance
occurs between expansion and contraction.
When astronomers measure all forms of matter/energy in the Universe they
come up with only 5% of the amount needed.
We were missing 95% with what we could see.
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- When
astronomers add Dark Matter they can get up to 27% of what is needed. For the Universe to be flat and accelerating
as it is there must be 73% Dark Energy, vacuum energy that is repelling
gravity. It is in the vacuum of
space. The problem now is how do we
measure the weight of “nothing” when it makes up 73% of everything?
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- So, what we
are left with to date is a flat Universe dominated by positive vacuum energy that
will expand the Universe forever at an ever increasing rate. How do you explain this?
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- Our knowledge
usually develops in an atmosphere of creative confusion. I, at least, have the confusion part right!
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- October 8,
2018, Was Review 1126
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- Excerpts from
other reviews available:
-
- 1855 -
Shops how cosmology's simplicity and beauty evolved out of chaos and
randomness. Are we just the product of
large numbers?
-
- 1854 -
Cosmic Inflation explains why the Universe geometry is flat and
homogeneous and how quantum fluctuations grew into galaxies.
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- 1853 - The
polarization of cosmic inflation is new knowledge for age, geometry,
composition, and weight of the Universe.
-
- 1852 - How
do we measure how big the universe is today?
How do we measure how fast it is growing?
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- 1849 -
Cosmology studies energy flows and chaos theory. Does a statistical force create nature? This Review lists 5 more Reviews on Cosmology, including -
1601 - Cosmology for dummies.
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- 1775 -
Cosmic evolution. What happened
over the past 13.7 billion years?
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- 1771 - Life is
complex? Energy and mass are the same thing.
The faster you go the heavier you get. Energy is not stationary. It is moving at 300,000,000 meters per second.
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- 1697 - The story
beginning to end.
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- 1601 - Is
the Review aimed at me
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- 759 - The history
of Cosmology.
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- 14
- was my first Review on this
topic -
The universe is flat - written May 31, 2003.
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----- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to
whomever is interested. ----
---
Some reviews are at:
-------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com
-----
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email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
--------------------- Tuesday, October 9,
2018 -------------------------
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