-
2138 - - The Birth of My Universe. The Universe was homogeneous before Inflation
happened. and because it expanded much faster than the speed of light it
remained homogeneous. The velocity of
the expansion today is 47,000 miles per hour for every million lightyears
distance. In 1998 astronomers discovered that this velocity was
accelerating. There is some type of Dark
Energy in the vacuum of space that is accelerating the expansion of the
Universe.
-
-
-
-----------------
2138 - The Birth of My Universe.
-
- The study of
the birth of my Universe is called Cosmology.
It is a science of speculation.
We take the data we observe today and run it backward as far as the
physics will take us and come up with a beginning. But, the whole thing is speculation. How about educated guesses.
-
- We humans were quite comfortable with the
Milky Way being our total Universe until 1924.
In 1924 Edwin Hubble discovered the first galaxies that were outside our
Milky Way galaxy. Our galaxy is 100,000
lightyears across. These galaxies were
millions of lightyears away and could not possible be part of the Milky
Way. Our Universe has expanded to 100,000,000,000
lightyears after 1924.
-
- When Edwin
Hubble measured the Doppler shift of light and calculated the velocity of these
galaxies he learned they were mostly receding, going away from us. He also determined that the further the
galaxy was away the faster it was receding.
Conclusion: We were living in an
ever expanding Universe. The Universe
must have started as a hot dense dot at zero space-time and has been expanding
space-time for the last 13,700,000,000 years.
-
- The evolution
of the Universe is driven be the expansion of space between the galaxies. As galaxies move apart the light traveling
between them stretches its wavelength,
becomes redder, and has lower energy.
Everything is cooling down as it expands. It started at trillions of degrees Kelvin and
today it is only 2.73 Kelvin. 2.73
degrees above Absolute Zero.
-
- In the early
Universe when things were hot and dense photons and baryons were smashed
together into a plasma from which light, the photons, could not escape. Baryons are what we call the particles that
make up ordinary matter, protons and neutrons.
Plasma is a thick soup of electrons and ions (protons) at high enough
temperatures that they remain separated and are not able to form into atoms.
-
- As the
expansion continued density reduced, temperatures cooled and baryons began to
form atoms of hydrogen and helium. This
occurred at 3,000 Kelvin. When atoms
became neutral as positive protons captured negative electrons the photons
became free and produced the first light scattering. A orange-red glow at 3,000 Kelvin.
-
- At that time the Universe was 380,000 years
old. The wavelength of the photons was
970 nanometers. Actually this is the
peak wavelength of a Blackbody light curve.
-
--------------
wavelength = 2,900,000 / temperature
-
--------------
wavelength = 2,900,000 / 3,000 Kelvin
-
--------------
wavelength = 970 nanometers
-
- By now the
Universe has expanded by a factor of 1,000.
And things are 1,000 times colder.
Today the Cosmic Microwave Background is 2.73 Kelvin and the wavelength
has stretched out to 1,100,000 nanometers.
This is 1.1 millimeters which is a microwave radio frequency of
273,000,000,000, 273 Ghz.
-
- Many frequencies are in the microwave
background radiation, 273 GHz is just the “maximum” or “peak”. The spectrum stretches from 50,000 nanometers
to 5,000,000 nanometers. A frequency
range from 60 GHz to 600 GHz with the peak at 273 GHz.
-
- As light
wavelengths get stretched out it is called reddening, or a “redshift” The amount of redshift tells you how long the
light has been traveling in expanding space.
Astronomers have measured galaxies with 800% redshift.
-
- Redshift =
z = 8. When this light left its source the Universe
was 11% its present size (0.22*10^58 meters), 500,000,000 years old, 4% of its
current age. The very first stars and
galaxies formed at 100,000,000 years after the Big Bang.
-
- The first
stars were enormous and had very short lives, only 10,000,000 years before
exploding as supernovae. The Universe began
with only hydrogen and helium but when the star’s nuclear furnaces burnt up
this fuel and exploded into supernova the temperatures and pressures created
all the heavier elements.
-
- All the elements in the Periodic Table except
hydrogen, helium, some lithium, were created in supernovae. Nearly everything in ordinary matter is made
of this “star dust”.
-
- The redshift
over the life of the Universe, z = 1,100.
It has stretched, expanded, by a factor of 1,100.
-
-----------------
1 +z = 3,000 Kelvin / 2.73 Kelvin
-
----------------
z = 1,100
-
- Space has
stretched by a factor of 1,000. Time has
stretched by a factor of 36 times
13,700,000,000
/ 380,000 = 36
-
- The Cosmic
Microwave Background radiation is perfectly smooth and the same everywhere in
all directions. (homogeneous and isotropic)
Well, nearly perfect. Perfect to
one part in 100,000. At minute
temperature differences some spots are cooler blue and warmer red in patches that
are about 1 square arc degree across.
These ripples in the smoothness correspond to areas of various density
fluctuations in the early Universe.
After billions of years these minute ripples evolved into gravitational
attraction of matter forming planets, stars and galaxies.
-
- The Universe
started with 5 parts Dark Matter and 1 part baryons of hydrogen and
helium. We cannot explain Dark Matter
yet. The Universe started with equal
parts matter and anti-matter. We do not
know what happened to all the anti-matter.
-
- The Universe
is 27 billion lightyears across. It is
perfectly homogeneous. The opposite
sides could not communicate with each other due to the limited speed of light
so how can they be the same temperature?
Homogeneous and isotropic, the same everywhere and in every direction.
-
- Astronomers
came up with the Inflation Theory to explain this homogeneity and isotropic
nature of the Universe. When the
Universe was 10^-43 seconds old gravity broke away from the other 3 forces and
the Universe exploded, expanding 10^50
times, much faster than the speed of
light.
-
- The Universe was homogeneous before this
happened. and because it expanded much faster than the speed of light it
remained homogeneous. The velocity of
the expansion today is 47,000 miles per hour for every million lightyears
distance. In 1998 astronomers discovered that this velocity was
accelerating. There is some type of Dark
Energy in the vacuum of space that is accelerating the expansion of the
Universe.
-
- Why is the
expansion accelerating?
-
- What is Dark
Energy?
-
- What is Dark
Matter?
-
- Why is ordinary
matter only 4.5% of the Universe?
-
---------------------
4% gas
-
---------------------
0.5% stars and planets, moons and life.
-
---------------------
24% Dark Matter
-
---------------------- 71.5% Dark Energy
-
- Why does
Quantum Mechanics math not work in the cosmos?
-
- Why does the
Theory of Relativity and gravity not work at the atomic level?
-
- If the
Universe popped out of nothing there had to be equal parts of matter and
anti-matter. What happened to all the
anti-matter?
-
- Our Universe
with 100,000,000,000 galaxies with each having 100,000,000,000
stars/planets/moons stretched over 27,400,000,000 lightyears diameter was once
squashed into a space smaller than this period “.”. Smaller than an electron. How is this
possible?
-
- What was
there before this “dot” exploded into space and time?
-
- If everything
was reduced to energy, what is energy?
-
- What is space
and time expanding into?
-
- What is on
the other side of the Observable Universe?
-
- Are there
other Universes being born? Or, is this
the only one?
-
- How could
something so complex be created out of nothing?
-
- You cannot
say there is nothing more to learn. Keep
studying!
-
- October 21, 2018. 1073
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to
whomever is interested. ----
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email feedback, corrections, request for
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--- to:
------
jamesdetrick@comcast.net
------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
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--------------------- Sunday, October 21, 2018 -------------------------
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