Thursday, October 18, 2018

Muons and Taus - The Heavy Electrons.



-  2132  -  -  Electrons, Muons and Taus are three of the 12 fundamental, elementary, particles that make us the Universe.  Muons and Taus are duplicates of electrons in every way except they have more mass and shorter lives.  .  They can damage material in the cell nuclei and the body’s DNA.  They are thought to be responsible for some of the spontaneous tumors that have plagued the human race from the beginning.
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----------------------------------  2132   -  Muons and Taus - The Heavy Electrons.
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-  Electrons, Muons and Taus are three of the 12 fundamental, elementary, particles that make us the Universe.  Muons and Taus are duplicates of electrons in every way except they have more mass and shorter lives.  They carry the same negative charge as electrons, have ½ spin for their angular momentum, and they interact with the Electroweak Force just like electrons.  Here is the mass given in million electron volts:
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-                       Electron           =          .0005 MeV
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-                       Muon               =          .1056
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-                       Tau                  =          1,777

-  The Muon is 207 times more massive than the electron and the Tau is 16,828 times more massive than the Muon.  Energy = m*c^2.  Where “c” is the speed of light squared which is  = 9*10^16 meter^2/second^2.  One joule of energy = 1 kilogram*meter/second^2 = 6.24*10^18 eV.
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-                       Electron           =          .89 * 10^-30 kilograms
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-                       Muon               =          189 * 10^-30
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-                       Tau                  =          3,172 * 10^-30
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-  For comparison the mass of a proton is 938 MeV, and 1,167 * 10^-30 kilograms.
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-  Muons and Taus are created in high energy particle accelerators.  But, Muons are also created in nature.  They are created by Cosmic Rays hitting the gas molecules in our upper atmosphere.  The Cosmic Rays are actually protons, hydrogen nuclei, that shot out of Supernova explosions and are traveling at very nearly the speed of light.  When these protons hit another atomic nucleus in the upper atmosphere the collision causes a shower of elementary particles that spray on to the Earth’s surface.
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-  An average of 240 Muons penetrate our bodies every second.  That amounts to 20 milion Muons going through us every day.  And each one weighs 207 times more than an electron.  These Muons are dangerous.  They can damage material in the cell nuclei and the body’s DNA.  They are thought to be responsible for some of the spontaneous tumors that have plagued the human race from the beginning.
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Muons have a very short life, only 2.197 microseconds.  In a large sample of Muons 63% of them will decay back in to electrons and neutrinos in 2.197 * 10^-6 seconds. 
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-                       Electron           =          Infinite lifetime
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-                       Muon               =          1.297 * 10^-6 seconds
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-                       Tau                  =          3 * 10^-13 seconds
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-  The Tau has an even shorter lifetime before it decays into an electron and a Tau Neutrino, 0.0000000000003 seconds.
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-  If these particles have such short lifetimes, and they are created in the upper atmosphere, 30 miles above the surface of the Earth, how do they every reach the Earth?  They should decay too quickly to ever reach the surface below.  If a Muon is traveling at nearly the speed of light 3*10^8 meter/second, in 2.197 microseconds it will have only traveled 660 meters.
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-  The reason is truly amazing.  It turns out that the Muons are going so fast the time slows down for them.  This time dilation effect from "special relativity" allows them to live a million times longer than they would normally live.  A Muon lifetime as viewed from the ground is 2.197 seconds, not microseconds, they can easily reach the surface and penetrate our bodies, and everything else.
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----------------------         Time Dilation^2  =  Time^2 / (1 - velocity^2/c^2)
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-  If the velocity is so close to the speed of light, c that " (1 - velocity^2/c^2)" = 10^-12, then Time Dilation is equal to 2.197 seconds because v/c = 99.99999999 %.
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-  2.197 seconds * 3 * 10^8 meters / second = 6,590,000 meters, or 4,095 miles.  The Muons can travel way past the 30 miles of atmosphere and past Earth itself before they decay back into electrons.
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-  We call these elementary particles and refer to them as point- like but without any substructure.  The word particle is misleading.  These “ particles” behave both wavelike and particle like.  And, if one gets near one its properties begin to change.  The particle seems to influence the fluctuations in the vacuum, or the free space, that surrounds it. 
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-  The properties that we see appear to be the sum of the bare properties and the effects of the vacuum of space.  There is a classical radius given for that of the electron, 2.8179 * 10^-15 meters, but quantum mechanics makes this concept of radius almost meaningless.
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-  Quantum Mechanics theory states that an electron (muon or tau) can have position and  momentum but the two properties cannot be determined at the same time.  Momentum is
velocity * mass.  The better you can determine the position the less you can know about its velocity.  The better you can determine its velocity the less you can know about its position.
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-   This tradeoff between what we can know is called the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.  Using these concepts these elementary “particles” are viewed more as electric charges surrounded by a sea of interacting particles and modifying this sea of virtual particles that make up the vacuum of space in their vicinity.
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-  All Muons and Taus decay into electrons eventually.  There are 10^79 electrons in the Universe.  On average that is one electron per each cubic meter of space.  There are the same number of protons and electrons because the sum total of their positive and negative charges is neutral.  The number of protons in the Universe come from this formula:  It is amazing to me that this equation even exists:
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------------------------                  Number  =  c^3 * time / G * proton mass
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-----------------------    G is the Gravitational Constant = 6.674215 * 10^-11 m^3/(Kg*sec^2)
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-----------------------   Time is the age of the Universe = 13.7 * 10^9 years * 3.16 * 10^7 seconds / year = 43 * 10^15 seconds
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----------------------  Proton mass = 1.167252 * 10^-27 kilograms.
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----------------------                  C =  2.998 * 10^8 m/sec
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----------------------  Plug these  in to the formula and Number  =  1.5 *10^79 electrons.
-150,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000  electrons.
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-  October 18, 2018                   632
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 ---------------------   Thursday, October 18, 2018    -------------------------
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